
Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar
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Sugar Series, Vol. 2: Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar focuses on the processes, methodologies, principles, and approaches involved in the manufacture and refining of raw cane sugar. The selection first offers information on sugar cane, harvesting and transportation to the factory, washing, disposal of wash-water and cleaning the juices, and extraction of juice. Discussions focus on disposal of bagasse, screw presses, cane carriers, juice cleaning, waste-water disposal, washing, cane weighing in field and factory, transportation, and sugar-producing plants. The manuscript then examines the sugar cane diffusion process, weighing, clarification, and liming of cane juice, filtration of mud from clarifiers, evaporation, and vacuum pans. The book ponders on boiling of raw sugar massecuites, crystallization by cooling and motion of low-grade massecuites and the exhaustion of final molasses, centrifugals and purging of massecuites, storing and shipping bulk sugar, and final molasses. The selection is a valuable source of data for researchers wanting to study the manufacture and refining of raw cane sugar.
Table of Contents
Dedication
Frontispiece
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgment
Part I. Manufacture of Raw Cane Sugar
Chapter 1. Sugar Cane
Miscellaneous Notes
Sugar in the Diet of Man
Sugar-Producing Plants
Molecular Structure of Different Sugars
Polarization
Sugar in the Field
Sugar in the Factory
Notes on Crop and Soil Analyses
Growth Records for Sugar Cane
Notes on the Sugar Cane Stalk Borer
Chapter 2. Harvesting and Transportation of Sugar Cane to the Factory
Harvesting
Transportation
Cane Weighing in Field and Factory
Unloading Cane at the Mill
Complete Florida System
Appendix: Recent Developments in Sugar Cane Harvesting
Chapter 3. Washing Sugar Cane and Cleaning The Juices
Washing Sugar Cane
Losses of Sugar in Wash-Water
Waste-Water Disposal
Chapter 4. Extraction of Juice from Sugar Cane
History
Modern Tandems
Magnets
Cane Carriers
Improvement in Mill Construction
Mill Specifications
Maceration
Screw Presses
Screening of Bagasse
Disposal of Bagasse
Sanitation
Chapter 5. Sugar Cane Diffusion Process
Introduction
Extraction and Draft
Theory of Diffusion Process
Process Operation
Types of Diffuser
Diffusion Process Vs. Extraction on a Mill Tandem
Chapter 6. Weighing of Raw Cane Juice
Manual Weighing
Automatic Scales
Chapter 7. Liming of Cane Juice
Composition of Sugar Cane Juice
Treatment with Lime
Use of Magnesium in Treatment of Sugar Cane Juice
Treatment with Lime Saccharate
Preparation and Use of Lime
Heating of Limed Juice
Chapter 8. Clarification of Cane Juice
Clarification Process
Purity of Clarified Juice
Cleaning
Screening
Types of Continuous Clarifier
Clarification
Chapter 9. Filtration of Mud from Clarifiers
Filters
Mud Filtration
Effluent Juice
Electrolytes and Mud Thickening
Filter Operation
Chapter 10. Evaporation
Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Other Evaporator Types
Operation of Evaporators
Condensers
Ejectors
Thermo-Compressors
Vapor Pipes
Chapter 11. Vacuum Pans
Types of Vacuum Pan
Condensers
Pipes and Hydraulics
Vacuum Pan Instrumentation
Preparation of Molasses (Run-Off) for Reboiling
Pan Floor Molasses Tanks
Calculation of Expected Volume of Massecuite
Chapter 12. Boiling of Raw Sugar Massecuites
Footing Strike
Preparation of Seed and Graining
Method of Boiling Footing Strike
'C'-Grade Sugar
Boiling Systems
Surface-Active Agents
Formulas
Steam Requirement for Boiling Massecuites
Chapter 13. Crystallization by Cooling and Motion of Low-Grade Massecuites, and the Exhaustion of Final Molasses
Saturation
Crystallizers
Reheating Massecuites
Chapter 14. Centrifugals and Purging of Massecuites
Batch Centrifugals
Purging Massecuites
Continuous Centrifugals
Reheating Massecuite
Conveyors
Chapter 15. Storing and Shipping Bulk Sugar
History and Origin of Bulk Sugar Shipments
Advantages and Disadvantages of Handling Raw Sugar in Bulk
The Bulk Sugar Warehouse
Quality of Raw Sugar for Bulk Storage and Shipment
Moving Sugar to the Bulk Terminal
Method of Distribution and Handling of Raw Sugar in the Terminal
Size of Conveyors
Author's Note
Chapter 16. Final Molasses
Composition of Blackstrap Molasses
Appraisal of Final Molasses
Measurement of Final Molasses
Exhaustion of Molasses
Pumping Molasses
Storage of Final Molasses
High-Test Molasses
Uses of Molasses
Dilution of molasses
Processes for Extraction of Sugar from Molasses
Citric Acid from Molasses
Chapter 17. Cleaning Heating Surfaces of Evaporators, Vacuum Pans and Heaters
Scale Formation in Evaporators
Longtube Evaporators
Cleaning of Heaters
Cleaning of Refinery Equipment
Chapter 18. Water in Cane Sugar Mills: Its Uses, Care and Treatment for Boiler Feed
Part II. Refining of Raw Cane Sugar
Chapter 19. Raw sugar
Types of Refinery
Quality of Raw Sugar
Plantation White Sugar
Purchasing of Raw Sugar
Talodura Process
Characteristics of Raw Sugar
Evaluation of Raw Sugar
Refinery Control
Methods of Refining
Water in the Refinery
Chapter 20. Affination and Melting
Coloring Matter Inside Crystals
Mingling
Affination Greens
Automechanization of the Affination Station
Washing Raw Sugar in a Centrifugal
Color Removal in Affination
Melting
Relative Production of Refined Sugar from Raw Sugar
Screening of Melt
Chapter 21. Clarification and Treatment of Refinery Melt
Clarification by Phosphoric Acid—Lime Treatment and Prefiltration
Decolorization by Phosphate—Lime Treatment in Continuous Flotation Clarifiers
Continuous Clarifiers
Scum
Prefiltration
Appendix I. Carbonatation of High-Density Washed Sugar Liquors
Summary
Introduction
Fundamentals of the Process
Plant Used for Continuous Carbonatation
Appendix II. Carbon Dioxide Compressors
Chapter 22. The Talofloc/Taloflote Process for Simultaneous Decolorization and Clarification of Refinery Liquors
Introduction
The Talofloc/Taloflote System
Chapter 23. Decolorization of Refinery Liquors Using Granular Adsorbents and Other Decolorizing Agents
General Consideration
Columns
Alternative Decolorizing Methods
Powdered Activated Carbon
Granular Carbon
Ion-Exchangers
Chapter 24. Filtration
Types of Filter
Selection of Filter
Other Types of Filter
Filter-Aid
Precoating
Filtration Cycle
Sweetening-Off
Sluicing
Sweet-Water
Filtration of Scums from Clarifiers and Sluiced Cake
Summary
Piping
Check Filters
Chapter 25. Evaporation in Refinery and Crystallization of Refinery Decolorized Liquors
Advantages of Pre-Evaporation
Evaporation of Sweet-Water
Double-Effect Evaporators
Triple-Effect Evaporators
Straight Boiling
In-Boiling System
Back-Boiling System
Growth of Sugar Crystal
Boiling Procedure
Steaming Vacuum Pan
Steam Requirement
Appendix. Calculation for Double-Effect Evaporator
Chapter 26. Drying, Cooling, Conditioning and Bulk Handling of Refined Sugar
Drying and Cooling
Conditioning and Handling
Density of Sugar
Chapter 27. Remelt
Recovery Methods
Available Sugar
Refining Out of Crop
Recovery House in Refinery
Preparation of Sugar Magma
Double Einwurf System
Centrifugals in Recovery House
Final Molasses in Refinery
Heavy Boiling in Remelt House
Filtration in Recovery House
Cooling, Reheating and Purging
Double Affination of Remelt Sugar
Chapter 28. Types of Refined Sugar
Tablet and Cube Sugar
Loaf Sugar
Pilé Sugar
Amorfo Sugar
Areado Sugar
Powdered Sugar
Baker's Special Sugar
Bottler's Sugar
Superfine Sugar
Soft Sugar
Instant Sugar
Agglomerated Sugar
Turbinado Sugar
Sulfitation Sugar
Liquid Sugar
Chapter 29. Biological Treatment of Refinery Wastewater
Full-Scale Plant Design
Full-Scale Plant Operation
Conclusions
Chapter 30. Use of Computers in the Sugar Industry
Manufacturers
Computer Use in the Sugar Industry
Hierarchy of Computer Control
Process Instrumentation
Linear Regression
Data Processing
Process Data Storage
Multiple Interpolation
Communication
Improved Instrumentation and Control
Computer Graphics
Conclusion
Appendix I. Glossary of Computer Terms
Appendix II. Economic Sweet-Water Disposal Nomenclature Used
Appendix III. Sucrose Table and Other Formulas for Use with Programmable Calculators
Appendices
Appendix I. Laboratory Control
Bibliography
Appendix II. Tables and Conversions
Table 1: Conversion Table of Equivalents
Table 2: Conversions
Table 3: Temperature Conversion
Table 4: Density Equivalents
Table 5: Properties of Saturated Steam
Table 6: Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure
Table 7: Properties of Air and Water Vapor at Atmospheric Pressure
Table 8: Properties of Saturated Steam
Table 9: Temperature of Saturated Steam
Table 10: Vapor Pressure of Water
Table 11: Boiling Point Elevation for Cane Products
Table 12: Available Sugar Table
Appendix III. Glossary
Index
Product details
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Elsevier Science 1982
- Published: February 1, 1982
- Imprint: Elsevier Science
- eBook ISBN: 9781483289632
About the Author
V.E. Baikow
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