Magnetic Materials and Their Applications
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Magnetic Materials and their Applications discusses the principles and concepts behind magnetic materials and explains their applications in the fields of physics and engineering. The book covers topics such as the principal concepts and definitions related to magnetism; types of magnetic materials and their electrical and mechanical properties; and the different factors influencing magnetic behavior. The book also covers topics such as permanent-magnet materials; magnetic materials in heavy-current engineering; and the different uses of magnetic materials. The text is recommended for physicists and electrical engineers who would like to know more about magnetic materials and their applications in the field of electronics.
Table of Contents
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Review of Magnetic Effects
2.1 Preliminary Remarks
2.2 The Most Important Effects
2.2.1 The Joule Effect
2.2.2 The Faraday Effect
2.2.3 The Matteucci Effect
2.2.4 The Wiedemann Effect
2.2.5 The Villau Effect
2.2.6 The Kerr Effect
2.2.7 The Hopkinson Effect
2.2.8 The Cotton-Mouton Effect
2.2.9 The Barnett Effect
2.2.10 The Einstein-de-Haas Effect
2.2.11 The Barkhausen Effect
2.2.12 The magnetothermal Effect
2.2.13 The Hughes Effect
Chapter 3
Magnetic Parameters of Materials
3.1 Types of Magnetic Materials
3.1.1 Paramagnetic Materials
3.1.2 Diamagnetic Materials
3.1.3 Ferromagnetic Materials
3.1.4 Ferrimagnetic Materials
3.1.5 Antiferromagnetic Materials
3.1.6 Metamagnetic Materials
3.2 The Principal Concepts and Definitions
3.2.1 Susceptibility
3.2.2 Magnetic Flux Density
3.2.3 Magnetisation
3.2.4 The Various Permeabilities
3.2.5 Magnetic Losses
3.2.6 Permeability as a Function of Temperature
3.2.7 Losses as a Function of Temperature
3.2.8 Drop in Permeability With Time
3.2.9 Permeability as a Function of Frequency
3.2.10 Losses as a Function of Frequency
3.2.11 Magnetostriction
3.2.12 The Hysteresis Loop
3.2.13 The Demagnetising Factor
3.2.14 Magnetic Anisotropics
Chapter 4
The Magnetising Process and the Basis of the Hysteresis Loop
4.1 The Origin of Magnetism
4.2 Magnetic Domains
4.2.1 Making the Domains Visible
4.2.2 Size and Shape of Domains
4.2.3 The Bloch Wall
4.3 The Magnetising Process
4.3.1 Bloch-wall displacement
4.3.2 Bloch-wall energy
4.3.3 The reversible rotation process
4.3.4 The irreversible rotation process
4.4 Magnetising Processes and the Hysteresis Loop for Polycrystalline Materials
4.4.1 The initial magnetising curve
4.4.2 The limiting loop
4.4.3 The hysteresis family
4.4.4 The ideal magnetising curve
4.5 Magnetising Processes in Single Crystals
4.5.1 The iron single crystal
4.5.2 The nickel single crystal
4.5.3 The cobalt single crystal
4.5.4 Ferrite single crystals
4.6 Micromagnetics
4.7 Magnetisation of Thin Films
4.7.1 The Néel wall
4.7.2 Crosstie walls
4.7.3 Intermediate walls
4.8 The Rayleigh Loop
4.9 The Steinmetz Law
4.10 The Various Segments of the Hysteresis Loop and Their Practical Applications
Chapter 5
The Various Shapes of Hysteresis Loops and Their Physical Causes
5.1 The Normal Hysteresis Loop
5.2 The Rectangular Loop
5.2.1 Rectangular loops in metals
5.2.2 Rectangular loops in ferrites
5.3 Perminvar Loops
5.3.1 Perminvar loops in metals and alloys
5.3.2 Perminvar loops in ferrites
5.3.3 Transformation of Perminvar loops to rectangular shape
5.4 Isoperm Loops
5.4.1 Isoperm loops in metals and alloys
5.4.2 Isoperm loops in ferrites
Chapter 6
Factors Influencing Magnetic Behaviour
6.1 The Influence of Impurities and Low-level Additives
6.1.1 Metallic materials
6.1.2 Oxide materials
6.2 Effect of the Manufacturing Process
6.2.1 Effect of rolling temperature for sheet or strip
6.2.2 Effect of heat treatment on high-permeability materials
6.2.3 Effect of heat treatment on permanent magnets
6.2.4 Effect of sintering on metallic dusts
6.2.5 Effect of sintering conditions on the preparation of ferrites
6.2.6 Shape effects
6.3 Effects due to Mechanical Working
6.3.1 Effect of winding strip cores
6.3.2 Effect of stacking
6.3.3 Effect of resin encapsulation
6.4 Ambient Effects
Chapter 7
Mechanical Properties
7.1 Crystal Structure
7.1.1 Iron
7.7.2 Nickel
7.1.3 Fe-Ni alloys
7.1.4 Cobalt
7.7.5 Cubic ferrites
7.7.6 Hexagonal ferrites
7.2 Density
7.3 Melting Point
7.4 Special Mechanical Properties
Chapter 8
Electrical Properties of Magnetic Materials
8.1 Specific Electrical Resistance
8.1.1 The electrical resistance of metals and alloys
8.1.2 Specific electrical resistance as a function of temperature
8.1.3 The electrical resistance of ferrites
8.2 Dielectric Constant and Loss Angle
8.2.1 Heterogeneous bodies (dust cores)
8.2.2 Ferrites
Chapter 9
Permanent-Magnet Materials
9.1 Role of the Permanent Magnet
9.2 Descriptive Characteristics of Permanent-magnet Materials
9.3 The Optimum Working Point
9.4 Dimensioning a Permanent Magnet
9.5 Fulness Factor
9.6 Stabilising
9.7 Influence of Temperature
9.8 Residual Effect and Ageing
9.9 The Working Line
9.10 The Fundamental Types of Permanent-Magnet Materials
9.10.1 Martensitic steels
9.10.2 Precipitation alloys
9.10.3 Cold-deformed permanent magnets
9.10.4 Superstructure alloys
9.10.5 Materials for dust magnets
9.10.6 Ceramic magnet materials (ferrites)
9.10.7 Materials having exchange anisotropy
9.11 Varieties of Permanent-Magnet Materials Available From Industry
9.12 Applications of Permanent Magnets
Chapter 10
Magnetic Materials in Heavy-Current Engineering
10.1 Requirements for Laminated Materials
10.1.1 Requirements for transformer sheet
10.1.2 Requirements for dynamo sheet and electrosheet
10.1.3 Requirements for materials for level-convertor cores
10.2 Unalloyed Iron
10.3 Fe-Si Alloys
10.3.1 Effect of silicon content
10.3.2 Effect of impurities
10.3.3 Effect of grain size
10.3.4 Temperature dependence of losses
10.3.5 Properties of hot-rolled electrosheet
10.3.6 Cold-rolled Fe-Si sheet
10.4 Fe-Al Alloys
10.5 Fe-Si-Al Alloys
10.6 Fe-Co Alloys
10.7 Ferrite Cores for Power Transformers
Chapter 11
Materials for Transductor Cores
11.1 Principles and Properties of a Transductor
11.2 Transductor Applications
11.3 Requirements for Core Material
11.4 Miscellaneous Materials
11.4.1 Hot-rolled Fe-Si sheet
11.4.2 Grain-oriented Fe-Si sheet
11.4.3 Fe-Ni alloys
11.4.4 Fe-Co alloys
11.4.5 Ferrites
11.5 Effect of Core Construction
Chapter 12
Magnetic Materials for Relays
12.1 Uses and Properties of the Electromagnetic Relay
12.2 Material Requirements for Core and Yoke
12.3 Magnetic Ageing
12.4 Classification of Magnetically Soft Materials for Relays
12.5 Unalloyed Iron
12.6 Fe-Si Alloys
12.7 Fe-Ni Alloys
12.8 Fe-Co Alloys
12.9 Ferrites
Chapter 13
Core Materieals for Inductance Coils and Transformers
13.1 Magnetic Materials in Communications Technology
13.2 Inductively Loaded Conductors
13.3 Specified Requirements for Inductance Coils and Transformer Cores
13.4 Solid Metal and Alloy Core Materials
13.4.1 Core shapes
13.4.2 Types of materials for the cores of communications transformers
13.4.3 Fe-Si alloys
13.4.4 Fe-Al alloys
13.4.5 Fe-Si-Al alloys
13.4.6 Fe-Ni alloys
13.4.7 Fe-Ni-Mo alloys
13.4.8 Fe-Ni-Cr alloys
13.4.9 Fe-Ni-Co alloys
13.4.10 Fe-m-Cu alloys
13.4.11 Fe-Co alloys
13.5 Dust Cores
13.5.1 Core shapes
13.5.2 Comparison of dust cores and laminated cores
13.5.3 Production of dust cores
13.5.4 Properties of dust cores
13.6 Ferrites
13.6.1 Comparison between dust cores and ferrite cores
13.6.2 Core shapes
13.6.3 Adjustable cores
13.6.4 Properties of the more usual ferrites
Chapter 14
Magnetic Materials for the Microwave Region
14.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Waveguides
14.2 The Reciprocity Principle
14.3 Electrical Properties of Ferrites at Super-high F requencies
14.4 Magnetic Properties of Ferrites in a Microwave Field
14.4.1 Permeability
14.4.2 The Faraday effect
14.4.3 Resonance absorption
14.4.4 Field displacement
14.4.5 Effect of specimen shape
14.4.6 Microwave losses
14.4.7 Isolators working on Faraday-absorption and resonance absorption principles
14.4.8 Arrangement of ferrite elements in the waveguide
14.4.9 Bandwidth of an isolator
14.4.10 Effect of temperature
14.5 Materials
14.5.1 Mg-Mn ferrites
14.5.2 Mg-Mn-Al ferrites and Mg-Fe aluminates
14.5.3 Magnesium ferrite-chromite
14.5.4 Manganese ferrites and Mn-Zn ferrites
14.5.5 Nickel ferrite and nickel aluminates
14.5.6 Cobalt ferrite
14.5.7 Hexagonal barium ferrites
14.5.8 Garnets
14.6 Microwave Components using Ferrite
Chapter 15
Magnetic Materials for Information Storage
15.1 Types of Magnetic Store
15.2 Historical
15.3 Tape Recorders
15.3.1 Operating principles
15.3.2 Magnetic tape
15.3.3 Magnetic heads
15.4 Drum Stores
15.4.1 Operation and construction
15.4.2 The magnétisable coating
15.4.3 Magnetic heads
15.4.4 Detailed examples of drum stores
15.5 Magnetic Disc Stores
15.6 Toroidal Core Stores
15.6.1 Principle of operation
15.6.2 The cyclic magnetising or flux-reversal process
15.6.3 Requirements for core materials
15.6.4 Characteristic curves of a memory core
15.6.5 Core materials
15.7 Ferrite Storage Plates
15.8 Thin-film Stores
15.8.1 Manufacture of thin films
15.8.2 Materials used for magnetic films
15.8.3 The magnetic spot
15.8.4 The storage element and its functioning
15.8.5 The switching process in film elements
15.8.6 Advantages and disadvantages of plane film storage elements
15.9 Cylindrical Thin-film Storage Elements
15.10 The Waffle-iron Memory Store
15.11 Transfluxors
15.11.1 Working principles of a transfluxor
15.11.2 Applications of transfluxors
15.11.3 Transfluxor materials
15.12 The Twistor
15.13 The Magnetostrictive Delay Line
15.14 The Orthoferrite Memory
Chapter 16
Materials for Magnetomechanical Resonators
16.1 Applications
16.2 Requirements Specified for the Material
16.3 The Magnetomechanical Coupling Factor
16.4 Forms of Mechanical Oscillator
16.5 Example of a Magnetostrictive Filter
16.6 Materials
16.6.1 Metals and alloys
16.6.2 Ferrites
Chapter 17
Materials for Magnetic Shielding
17.1 Stray-field Effects
17.2 Operation of a Shield
17.3 The Shielding Factor
17.4 Magnetic-shield Materials
Chapter 18
Materials for Temperature Compensation
18.1 Problem and Principles
18.2 Materials
18.2.1 Metallic compensation materials
18.2.2 Ferrites
Chapter 19
Tables
19.1 Tables of Materials
19.1.1 Permanent-magnet materials
19.1.2 Sheet and strip
19.1.3 Ferrites for inductance coils and communications transformers
19.1.4 Ferrites for microwave applications
19.1.5 Core materials for storage and switching devices
19.2 Trade Names and Producers of Magnetic Materials
Product details
- No. of pages: 784
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1974
- Published: January 1, 1974
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483103174
About the Author
Carl Heck
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