Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology

Preface to the Third EditionPrefaceAcknowledgments1 The Reciprocating Piston Petrol Engine 1.1 Modern Requirements 1.2 Engine Nomenclature 1.3 Operating Principles 1.4 Basic Structure and Mechanism 1.5 Cylinder and Crankthrow Arrangements 1.6 Cylinder Block, Crankcase and Head 1.7 Pistons and Connecting Rods 1.8 Crankshaft Assembly and Main Bearings 1.9 Crankshaft Torsional Vibration Dampers 1.10 Valve Train 1.11 Timing Drive 1.12 The Principles of Valve Timing2 The Diesel Engine 2.1 Suitability for Road Transport 2.2 Operating Principles 2.3 Cylinder Block, Crankcase and Head 2.4 Pistons and Connecting Rods 2.5 Crankshaft Assembly and Main Bearings 2.6 Valve Train and Timing Drive3 Combustion Chambers and Processes 3.1 Basic Layouts of Combustion Chambers 3.2 Combustion in the Petrol Engine 3.3 Petrol Engine Combustion Chambers 3.4 Combustion in the Diesel Engine 3.5 Diesel Engine Combustion Chambers 3.6 Cylinder Charge Agitation4 Engine Lubrication 4.1 Friction and Wear 4.2 The Lubrication Process 4.3 Engine Lubricating Oil 4.4 Engine Lubrication Systems 4.5 Oil Pumps and Pressure Relief Valves 4.6 Oil Filtration and Cooling 4.7 Oil Retention and Crankcase Ventilation5 Engine Cooling and Vehicle Heating 5.1 Heat Transfer and Cooling Media 5.2 Engine Air-Cooling System 5.3 Engine Water-Cooling System 5.4 Engine Coolant 5.5 Interior Ventilation and Heating 6 Carburation and Fuel Injection 6.1 Fuel Supply System 6.2 Fixed-Choke Carburettors 6.3 Variable-Choke Carburettors 6.4 Multiple and Compound Carburettors 6.5 Petrol Engine Fuel Injection 7 Intake and Exhaust Systems 7.1 Air Cleaner and Silencer 7.2 Intake and Exhaust Manifolds 7.3 Exhaust System 7.4 Vacuum Gauge and Exhaust Gas Analyzer 8 Diesel Fuel Injection Systems 8.1 Fuel Supply System 8.2 The In-line Fuel Injection Pump 8.3 Governing the In-line Fuel Injection Pump 8.4 The Distributor Fuel Injection Pump 8.5 Governing the Distributor Fuel Injection Pump 8.6 Timing In-line and Distributor Fuel Injection Pumps 8.7 Fuel Injectors 8.8 Common-Rail Unit Injector System 8.9 Cold Starting Devices9 Forced Induction 9.1 Natural Aspiration and Forced Induction 9.2 Methods of Pressure Charging10 Ignition System 10.1 Coil Ignition Equipment 10.2 Ignition Coil and Capacitor 10.3 Ignition Distributor and Sparking Plugs 10.4 Introduction to Electronic Ignition Systems 10.5 Ignition Timing 10.6 Damp Ignition in Service11 Engine Emission Control 11.1 Petrol Engine Pollutants 11.2 Petrol Engine Emission Control 11.3 Diesel Engine Smoke Emission12 Rotary Piston and Gas Turbine Engines 12.1 Rotary Piston Engine 12.2 Gas Turbine Engine13 Friction Clutches 13.1 Types of Single-Plate Clutch 13.2 Clutch Control Systems 13.3 Clutch Center Plate Construction 13.4 Multiplate Clutches 13.5 Centrifugally Operated Clutches 13.6 Clutch Misbehavior in Service14 Fluid Couplings and Torque Converters 14.1 Fluid Couplings 14.2 Improvements to Fluid Couplings 14.3 Torque Converters 14.4 Improvements to Torque Converters 14.5 Fluid Couplings and Torque Converters in Service15 Layshaft Gearboxes 15.1 Purpose and Elements of the Gearbox 15.2 Constant-Mesh Gearboxes 15.3 Synchromesh Gearboxes 15.4 Gear Selector Mechanisms 15.5 Heavy-Vehicle Gearboxes 15.6 Four-Wheel-Drive Transfer Gearboxes 15.7 Gearbox Lubrication and Sealing 15.8 Gearbox Misbehavior in Service16 Epicyclic Gearboxes 16.1 Basic Epicyclic Gearing 16.2 Operation of Epicyclic Gear Trains 16.3 Friction Brakes for Epicyclic Gearboxes17 Automatic Transmission Control Systems 17.1 The Fully Automatic Gearbox 17.2 Hydraulic Control Systems 17.3 Checking the Level and Changing the Fluid18 Overdrive Gears 18.1 Purpose and Position of an Overdrive Gear 18.2 Epicyclic Overdrive Gears 18.3 Layshaft Overdrive Gears19 Drive Lines 19.1 Universal Joints 19.2 Constant-Velocity Joints 19.3 Propeller Shaft Construction 19.4 Driveline Arrangements 19.5 Front-Wheel Drive and Rear-Wheel Drive 19.6 Front-Wheel Drive Shafts 19.7 Four-Wheel Drive 19.8 Tandem Axle Drives for Heavy Vehicles20 Final Drives and Rear Axles 20.1 Final Drive Gears and Bearings 20.2 Adjusting the Final Drive Gears 20.3 Differential Gears 20.4 Rear Axle Construction 20.5 Final Drive Lubrication and Sealing 20.6 Rear Axle Misbehavior in Service 20.7 Heavy-Vehicle Rear-Axles21 Tires, Road Wheels and Hubs 21.1 Tire Construction 21.2 Road Wheels and Hubs 21.3 Wheel Balancing 21.4 Safety Precautions in Tire Servicing22 Suspension System 2.1 Basic Suspension Systems 22.2 Types of Suspension Spring 22.3 Tandem Axle Suspension 22.4 Shock Dampers 22.5 Suspension Misbehavior in Service 23 Manual Steering 23.1 Steering Principles and Layout 23.2 Front and Geometry and Wheel Alignment 23.3 Steering and Ball Joints 23.4 Manual Steering Gears 23.5 Inspecting and Adjusting the Steering Mechanism24 Power-Assisted Steering 24.1 The Need for Power-Assisted Steering 24.2 Principles of Power-Assisted Steering 24.3 Power-Assisted Steering Components 24.4 Power-Assisted Steering Misbehavior in Service25 Hydraulic Brake Systems 25.1 Brake Shoe Arrangements 25.2 Disc Brake Arrangements 25.3 Brake Friction Materials 25.4 Hydraulic Brake Systems and Components 25.5 Hydraulic Brake Fluids 25.6 Vacuum Servo-Assisted Braking 25.7 The Handbrake System 25.8 Maintenance of Hydraulic Brakes 25.9 Brake Efficiency and Testing26 Air Brakes and Auxiliary Retarders 26.1 Principles of Air Brakes 26.2 Compression and Storage 26.3 System Control 26.4 System Actuation 26.5 Hand-Operated Brake Valves and Other Equipment 26.6 Auxiliary Brake Retarders 27 Vehicle Structure 27.1 Integral Body Construction 27.2 Commercial Vehicle Chassis Frames 27.3 Trailer and Caravan Couplings 28 Electrical System 28.1 The Charging System 28.2 The Starter System 28.3 Lighting, Signaling and Screen Wiping 28.4 Indicator Gauges 28.5 Storage Batteries Index