Learning and Memory

ContributorsPrefaceI Historical Introduction 1 The Search for the Engram Introduction A Brief History Modern Approaches to the Problem of Localization Some Definitions and Issues Early Experience, Brain Development, and Learning Memory Consolidation The Chemistry of Memory Cognitive Science and Neuropsychology The Model Biological System Approach Case History of a Model Biological System ReferencesII Anatomical Approaches 2 Developmental Approaches to the Memory Process Introduction Some Historical Aspects of Memory Ontogeny Research Experience-Expectant and Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity Quantitative Methods in Developmental Neurobiology Neurobiological Correlates of Memory Ontogeny Implications for the Neurobiological Study of Memory References 3 Anatomical Correlates of Neuronal Plasticity Introduction Focus on the Synapse Anatomical Plasticity During Development Anatomical Correlates of Learning in Maturity Anatomical Rearrangements Following Injury Functional Significance of Anatomical Plasticity Summary and Conclusions ReferencesIII Pharmacology and Biochemistry 4 Memory: Drugs and Hormones Introduction Time Dependency Revisited U-Shaped Curves Modulation of Learning and Memory Central Versus Peripheral Actions of Drugs Which Neurotransmitter Systems are Important for Learning and Memory? Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Hormones and Learning and Memory Learning Modulatory Hormones Drugs to Understand or to Alter Learning and Memory? Conclusions References 5 Biochemical Correlates of Learning and Memory Introduction Which Neurochemical Systems? Where in the Brain? When? Behavioral Specificity Specific Molecules Conclusions References 6 Applied Aspects of Memory Research: Aging Prologue Introduction Behavioral Studies: Memory Deficits with Normal Aging Neurobiological Studies Summary and Conclusions ReferencesIV Model Systems 7 Memory: Electrophysiological Analogs Introduction Electrophysiological Approaches The Hippocampus Hippocampal Electrophysiology Hippocampal Response Plasticity LTP as a Substrate for Memory LTP as a Candidate Memory Mechanism The Hippocampal Memory Indexing Theory References 8 Memory: Invertebrate Model Systems Introduction The Need for Unifying Principles Aplysia Hermissenda Limax Pleurobranchaea Correlation Versus Causality in Cellular Studies of Learning General Principles of Learning in Invertebrate Model Systems Conclusions References 9 Memory: Vertebrate Model Systems Introduction Characteristics of an Ideal Vertebrate Behavioral Model System Analysis of the Neural Circuitry Mediating the Acquisition of Nonspecific Model Response Systems Analysis of the Neural Circuitry Mediating the Acquisition of Specific Model Response Systems Concluding Remarks Summary References 10 Studies of Memory Processes Using Electrical Brain Stimulation Introduction Memory Impairment Produced by Electrical Brain Stimulation Memory Facilitation by Electrical Brain Stimulation Electrical Brain Stimulation in Humans Summary ReferencesV Lesions 11 Interventional Approaches to Memory: Lesions Introduction Structures, Functions, and Lesions Misuse of Lesion Analyses Dissociations Systematic Lesion Analyses Quantitative Manipulations of Structures and Functions Sensitivity and Selectivity Units of Analysis Temporal Variables Validity Memory Conclusions References 12 Neurobiological Views of Memory Introduction Lashley Thompson Squire and Cohen Mishkin O'Keefe and Nadel Olton Kesner Integration Summary ReferencesIndex