Part 1. Overview
1. Development trends for future automobiles and their demand on the battery
- 1.1. Lead–acid batteries in automobiles: still good enough?
- 1.2. Requirements in the automotive industry
- 1.3. Vehicle level requirements
- 1.4. Low-volt system topology options for advanced power supply and mild powertrain hybridization
- 1.5. Upcoming storage system requirements
- 1.6. Discussion
- List of abbreviations
2. Overview of batteries for future automobiles
- 2.1. General requirements for batteries in electric vehicles
- 2.2. Energy storage in lead–acid batteries
- 2.3. Alkaline batteries
- 2.4. High-temperature sodium batteries
- 2.5. Lithium-ion batteries
- 2.6. Power sources after Lithium-ion
- 2.7. Supercapacitors
- 2.8. Fuel cells
3. Lead–acid battery fundamentals
- 3.1. Principles of operation
- 3.2. Open-circuit voltage
- 3.3. Voltage during discharge and charge
- 3.4. Designs and manufacture
- 3.5. Charging
- 3.6. Heat management in lead–acid batteries
- 3.7. Failure modes and remedies
- 3.8. Capacity
- 3.9. Self-discharge
- 3.10. Dynamic charge-acceptance
- 3.11. Summing up
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
4. Current research topics for lead–acid batteries
- 4.1. Design and materials
- 4.2. Operating strategy
- 4.3. Battery monitoring
- 4.4. Dual battery systems
- 4.5. Discussion
Part 2. Battery Technology
5. Flooded starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) and enhanced flooded batteries (EFBs): State-of-the-art
- 5.1. History of lead–acid batteries in combustion engine cars
- 5.2. Board net architecture and car requirements on batteries
- 5.3. Flooded automotive battery design and production technologies: status and latest improvements
- 5.4. Market trends
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
6. Automotive absorptive glass-mat lead–acid batteries: State of the art
- 6.1. Lead–acid batteries in vehicle electrical systems
- 6.2. Global standardization of automotive AGM batteries
- 6.3. Vehicle systems: voltages and battery technologies
- 6.4. Launch of automotive AGM batteries
- 6.5. Start–stop: factor of success for AGM batteries
- 6.6. Advantages of AGM over flooded automotive batteries
- 6.7. Cycling endurance of AGM batteries
- 6.8. Capability for dynamic charge-acceptance
- 6.9. Packaging in vehicles: heat-resilience of AGM batteries
- 6.10. Future applications for AGM batteries
- 6.11. Replacement of spent AGM batteries
- 6.12. Summary: automotive AGM batteries
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
7. Performance-enhancing materials for lead–acid battery negative plates
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Expanders
- 7.3. Structural influences
- 7.4. Challenge of high-rate partial state-of-charge duty
- 7.5. Addition of carbon
- 7.6. Types of battery configuration
- 7.7. Understanding the carbon effect
- 7.8. Best choice of carbon
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
8. Positive active-materials for lead–acid battery plates
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Operating principles
- 8.3. Positive plate construction
- 8.4. Manufacturing process
- 8.5. Failure modes and remedies
- 8.6. Future developments
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
9. Current-collectors for lead–acid batteries
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Reactions at the surface of the positive grid
- 9.3. Antimony-free grids
- 9.4. Lead–calcium alloys
- 9.5. Tin additions to pure lead
- 9.6. Tin additions to lead–calcium alloys
- 9.7. Bookmould-cast lead–calcium–tin grids
- 9.8. Rolled lead–calcium–tin grids
- 9.9. Corrosion of lead–calcium–tin alloy grids
- 9.10. Grids for elevated temperatures
- 9.11. Spiral-wound grids
- 9.12. Novel grids designs
- 9.13. Composite grids
- 9.14. Thin grids
- 9.15. Straps and posts
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
10. Alternative current-collectors
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Function, design and characteristic parameters of lead–acid battery current-collectors
- 10.3. Metallized injection moulded plastic grids
- 10.4. Copper and aluminium grids
- 10.5. Titanium current-collectors
- 10.6. Alternative current-collectors based on fibrous materials
- 10.7. Foam grids
- 10.8. Carbon honeycomb grids
- 10.9. Conclusion
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
11. Cell design for high-rate operation
- 11.1. The reason why we need high-rate operation and why it is so critical and challenging
- 11.2. Fundamental theoretical considerations about high-rate operation
- 11.3. Key parameters for high-rate plate design
- 11.4. Alternative plate and cell designs for high-rate operation
- 11.5. Additional plate and cell design parameters and their impact
- 11.6. Outlook for the lead–acid design for further advanced high-rate applications
- List of abbreviations
12. Towards sustainable road transport with the UltraBattery™
- 12.1. Most promising and affordable designs of hybrid electric vehicle
- 12.2. Failure mechanism of lead–acid batteries under high-rate partial state-of-charge duty
- 12.3. Improving the cycleability of lead–acid batteries under high-rate partial state-of-charge duty
- 12.4. The UltraBattery™
- 12.5. The UltraBattery™ tomorrow: challenges and prospects
- 12.6. Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
Part 3. Application Technology
13. Lead–acid battery operation in micro-hybrid and electrified vehicles
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Storage system requirements and operating strategies
- 13.3. Charging strategies
- 13.4. Lead–acid batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles
14. Monitoring techniques for 12-V lead–acid batteries in automobiles
- 14.1. Historic overview towards battery sensors
- 14.2. Requirements of battery sensors
- 14.3. Lead–acid battery monitoring functions
- 14.4. Algorithms for battery state detection of lead–acid batteries
- 14.5. Validation of battery state detection output signals
- 14.6. Field experience
- 14.7. Outlook on future development
15. Dual battery systems for 12-V automotive power supply
- 15.1. Outline
- 15.2. Drivers for dual storage
- 15.3. Requirements for a dual storage power-supply system
- 15.4. Potential topologies
- 15.5. Integration of the auxiliary battery into the vehicle and its electrical system
- 15.6. Market trends
16. Basics of lead–acid battery modelling and simulation
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Levels of battery modelling
- 16.3. Specific challenges for modelling lead–acid batteries
- 16.4. Models for electrical performance
- 16.5. Models for battery ageing
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
17. Batteries for heavy trucks
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Dimensions
- 17.3. Key requirements
- 17.4. Electrical network voltage for heavy trucks
- 17.5. Truck battery design considerations
- 17.6. Advanced truck battery technologies
- 17.7. Advanced system integration of truck batteries
- 17.8. Summary
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
18. Lead–acid batteries for E-bicycles and E-scooters
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Description of electric two wheelers
- 18.3. Market
- 18.4. Characteristics of electric two wheelers
- 18.5. Battery
- 18.6. Summary
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
Part 4. Product Life Cycle
19. Standards and tests for lead–acid batteries in automotive applications
- 19.1. Standardization organizations and different levels of standardization
- 19.2. Obligations of standards and different kind of standards
- 19.3. Standardization in different regions and list of applicable standards for lead–acid batteries in automotive applications
- 19.4. Procedure to publish a new standard
- 19.5. Battery sizes in comparison and trends
- 19.6. Comparison of typical lead–acid battery requirements and test procedures
- 19.7. External standards in comparison to original equipment specifications
20. Recycling concepts for lead–acid batteries
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. The process
- 20.3. Removal of sulfur
- 20.4. Battery breaking
- 20.5. Lead smelting
- 20.6. Lead refining
- 20.7. Electrochemical practice
- 20.8. Recent developments
- 20.9. Conclusion
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms
Part 5. Outlook
21. Lead–acid batteries for future automobiles: Status and prospects
- 21.1. Tomorrow's automobile batteries: drivers for change
- 21.2. Electrified vehicles and the demands placed on their batteries
- 21.3. Restrictions on the use of lead
- 21.4. Can lead–acid battery technology keep pace with increasing electrification of vehicles?
- 21.5. Closing remarks
- Abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms