Lake and Reservoir Restoration

Lake and Reservoir Restoration deals with the eutrophication process and the methods to protect, restore, and manage lakes and reservoirs. The most common in-lake techniques or procedures, plus nutrient diversion, are reviewed with regard to their scientific basis, methods of application, known effectiveness, feasibility, drawbacks, and costs. Areas for further research and development are also highlighted. This book is comprised of 16 chapters organized into four sections. After an introduction to the theory of the problem and the restoration technique, the discussion turns to the various restoration methods such as those used for physical and chemical control of nutrients. Diversion and advanced waste treatment, hypolimnetic withdrawal, and dilution and flushing are considered along with phosphorus precipitation and inactivation, sediment oxidation, sediment removal, and hypolimnetic aeration. Case studies and success stories are presented and the costs and potential negative impacts of the methods are examined. The following chapters focus on methods to control plant biomass, including artificial circulation, water-level drawdown, harvesting, biological control, and surface and sediment covers. A chapter on liming acidified lakes concludes this text. This monograph will be useful to professional limnologists and engineers, on-site lake or reservoir managers, and those who are interested in learning about the problems and management of lakes and reservoirs.

Preface

I. Overview

1. Introduction

2. Limnology, Lake Diagnosis, and Selection of Restoration Methods

Introduction

Lakes and Reservoirs

The Eutrophication Process

Lake or Reservoir Evaluation

Selection of Lake Restoration Alternatives

The Lake Improvement-Restoration Plan

II. Physical and Chemical Methods to Reduce Nutrient Concentrations

3. Advanced Treatment and Diversion of Wastewater and Stormwater

Mechanisms

Extent of Recovery Expected

Case Studies

Costs

Further Treatment Following Diversion

Needed Research

4. Hypolimnetic Withdrawal

Case Studies

General Considerations

5. Dilution and Flushing

Theory and Predictions

Case Studies

General Applications and Precautions

Summary

6. Phosphorus Precipitation and Inactivation

The Reactions of Aluminum and Phosphorus in Lake Water

Dose Determination and Application Techniques

Case Studies

Lake and Reservoir Pretreatment

Negative Aspects

Costs

Needed Research

Use of Fly Ash for Phosphorus Inactivation

7. Sediment Oxidation

Equipment and Application Rates

Case Studies

Costs

Related Effects

8. Sediment Removal

Purposes of Sediment Removal

Environmental Concerns

Sediment Removal Depth

Sediment Removal Techniques

Suitable Lake Conditions

Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design

Case Studies

Costs

Summary

9. Hypolimnetic Aeration

Principle

Sizing

Case Studies

Undesirable Side Effects

Costs

III. Procedures to Control Plant Biomass

10. Artificial Circulation

Theoretical Effects of Circulation

Devices and Air Quantities

Costs

Effects of Circulation on Tropic Indicators

Undesirable Effects

Summary and Recommendations

11. Water-level Drawdown

Case Studies

Responses of Aquatic Plants to Water-Level Drawdown

Positive and Negative Factors

Summary

12. Harvesting

Objectives and Benefits of Aquatic Plant Control

Descriptions of Mechanical Control Technologies

Case Studies

Summary of Costs

Environmental Effects

Control of Nutrient Levels

Effectiveness

Summary

13. Biological Controls

Phytophagous Fish

Cyanophages and Bacteria

Plant Pathogens and Insects

Biomanipulation

Summary

14. Surface and Sediment Covers for Macrophyte Control

Case Studies

Sediment Covers—Summary

Application Procedures for Sediment Covers

Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers

IV. Acidified Lakes

15. Liming Acidified Lakes

Acidification of Lakes

Ecological Effects

Liming Practices

16. Summary and Conclusions

Techniques with Demonstrated Effectiveness

Techniques Requiring More Research and Demonstration

Acidified Lakes

Combinations of Lake Restoration Techniques

Conclusion

Index