Introduction to Volcanic Seismology, Volume 6

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

1. Introduction

1.1. Terms and Definitions

1.2. Subject of the Book

2. Seismicity at Volcanoes

2.1. History of Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity

2.2. Classification of Volcanic Earthquakes

2.3. Sequences of Volcanic Earthquakes

3. Fundamentals of Volcanic Seismology

3.1. Magma Flow within the Volcanic Conduit

3.2. Experimental Studies of the Volcanic Processes and Their Applications for the Seismic Sources

3.3. General Description of the Source of Seismic Signals at Volcanoes

4. Origin of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes

4.1. Migration of Magma and Its Seismic Potential

4.2. Volcanism and Tectonics

4.3. Source Nature of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes

4.4. Models of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake Sequences

5. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes at Basaltic Volcanoes

5.1. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Shield Volcanoes

5.2. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Stratovolcanoes

5.3. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Fissure Eruptions

5.4. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Caldera Collapse

5.5. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Submarine Eruptions

6. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes at Andesitic Volcanoes

6.1. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Volcanic “Directed Blasts”

6.2. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Phreatic and Phreato-Magmatic Explosions

6.3. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Lava Extrusions

6.4. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Flank Eruptions

7. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes at Dacitic Volcanoes

7.1. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Summit Eruptions

7.2. Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes Associated with Flank Eruptions

8. General Properties of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake Swarms

8.1. Properties of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake Swarms Inferred from the Data of Chapters 5–7Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7

8.2. Additional Data About Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake Swarm Properties

8.3. Some Regularities in the Volcano-Tectonic Earthquake Swarms Proclaiming Reawakening of Andesitic and Dacitic Volcanoes

9. Source Properties of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes

9.1. Focal Mechanisms of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes: Double-Couple and Non-Double-Couple Models

9.2. Source Spectral Characteristics of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes

9.3. Temporal Variations of the Source Spectral Characteristics and Focal Mechanisms of Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes in the Course of Volcanic Activity

9.4. Seismo-Tectonic Deformations in the Volcanic Region

10. Significant Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes and Their Role in Volcanic Processes

10.1. Selection of Significant Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes that Occurred in the Twentieth Century

10.2. Focal Rupturing of Significant Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes and Its Role in Volcanic Processes

10.3. The Magnitude 7 Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes in Volcanic Processes

10.4. Seismic Hazard of Significant Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes

11. Origin of Eruption Earthquakes

11.1. Volcanic Processes Generating Seismic Signals of Eruption Earthquakes

11.2. Source Mechanisms of Eruption Earthquakes

11.3. Models of the Eruption Earthquake Sources

12. Volcanic Tremor

12.1. Seismograms and Spectra

12.2. Location of Volcanic Tremor

12.3. Volcanic Tremors in Eruptive Process

12.4. Relationship Between the Intensity of Volcanic Tremor and Volcanic Events

12.5. Special Cases of Volcanic Tremors

13. Seismic Signals Associated with Pyroclastic Flows, Rockfalls, and Lahars

13.1. Occurrence of Pyroclastic Flows, Rockfalls, and Lahars During Volcanic Eruptions

13.2. Seismic Signals Associated with Pyroclastic Flows and Rockfalls: Waveforms and Spectra

13.3. Occurrences of Earthquakes Associated with Pyroclastic Flows and Rockfalls

13.4. Relationship Between the Pyroclastic Flow and Rockfall Earthquakes and Seismo-Volcanic Activity During Lava Emission

13.5. Quantification of Pyroclastic Flow and Rockfall Earthquakes

13.6. Location Pyroclastic Flows Using the Amplitude Signals of Earthquakes

13.7. Seismic Signals Associated with Lahars: Waveforms and Spectra

13.8. Seismic Signals as a Source of Information About the Lahar Structure

13.9. Seismic Tracking of Lahars

13.10. Comparison of the Seismic Characteristics of Pyroclastic Flows and Lahars

14. Seismic Signals Associated with Volcanic Explosions

14.1. Waveforms and Spectra

14.2. Nature of the Seismic Signals of Explosive Earthquakes

14.3. Sources of Explosion Earthquakes and Their Quantification

14.4. Location of Explosion Earthquakes

14.5. Explosion Sequences

14.6. Explosion Earthquakes in Eruptive Process

15. Long-Period and Very Long-Period Seismic Signals at Volcanoes

15.1. Waveforms and Spectra

15.2. Geometry of the Sources of LP and VLP Seismic Signals

15.3. Type of Fluid Within the Fluid-Filled Cracks

15.4. Location of the Sources of LP and VLP Events

15.5. Conceptual Models of the Relationship Between the Sources of the LP and VLP Seismic Signals and Their Role in Eruptive Process

16. Swarms of Microearthquakes Associated with Effusive and Explosive Activity at Volcanoes

16.1. Waveforms and Spectra

16.2. Structure of Microearthquake Swarms

16.3. Microearthquake Swarms in Eruption Process

16.4. Nature of Microearthquakes

17. Acoustic Waves Generated by Volcanic Eruptions

17.1. Infrasonic Acoustic Waves from Small Volcanic Explosions (VEI 1 and 2)

17.2. Long-Period Acoustic and Acoustic-Gravity Waves from Large Volcanic Explosions (VEI 4–6)

17.3. Acoustic Waves Produced by the Lava Dome Collapse and the Propagation of Pyroclastic Flow and Rockfalls

17.4. Acoustic Waves Produced During Volcanic Microearthquake Swarms (“Drumbeats”)

17.5. Utility of the Acoustic Signals for Volcano Activity Monitoring

18. Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity and Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions

18.1. Methodology of Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity

18.2. Applications of Volcanic Seismicity to the Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions and Predicting of Volcanic Hazards

19. Seismic Activity at Dormant Volcanic Structures

19.1. Failed Eruptions: Case Studies

19.2. Modeling of Magma Ascent Resisting

19.3. Monitoring of the Seismic Activity at Dormant Volcanoes

References

Volcanic seismology represents the main, and often the only, tool to forecast volcanic eruptions and to monitor the eruption process. This book describes the main types of seismic signals at volcanoes, their nature and spatial and temporal distributions at different stages of eruptive activity. Following from the success of the first edition, published in 2003, the second edition consists of 19 chapters including significant revision and five new chapters. Organized into four sections, the book begins with an introduction to the history and topic of volcanic seismology, discussing the theoretical and experimental models that were developed for the study of the origin of volcanic earthquakes. The second section is devoted to the study of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, giving the theoretical basis for their occurrence and swarms as well as case stories of volcano-tectonic activity associated with the eruptions at basaltic, andesitic, and dacitic volcanoes. There were 40 cases of volcanic eruptions at 20 volcanoes that occurred all over the world from 1910 to 2005, which are discussed. General regularities of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms, their participation in the eruptive process, their source properties, and the hazard of strong volcano-tectonic earthquakes are also described. The third section describes the theoretical basis for the occurrence of eruption earthquakes together with the description of volcanic tremor, the seismic signals associated with pyroclastic flows, rockfalls and lahars, and volcanic explosions, long-period and very-long-period seismic signals at volcanoes, micro-earthquake swarms, and acoustic events. The final section discuss the mitigation of volcanic hazard and include the methodology of seismic monitoring of volcanic activity, the examples of forecasting of volcanic eruptions by seismic methods, and the description of seismic activity in the regions of dormant volcanoes.

This book will be essential for students and practitioners of volcanic seismology to understand the essential elements of volcanic eruptions.

• Provides a comprehensive overview of seismic signals at different stages of volcano eruption.
• Discusses dozens of case histories from around the world to provide real-world applications.
• Illustrations accompany detailed descriptions of volcano eruptions alongside the theories involved.

Seismologists, Volcanologists, Geophysicists