Introduction to Radioanalytical Physics

ContentsSymbols and AbbreviationsChapter 1. Nuclear Reactions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Kinematics and Consequences 1.2.1 Kinematical Relations 1.2.2 Particle Detection 1.2.3 Particle Spectra 1.3 Classification of Nuclear Reactions 1.3.1 Elastic Scattering 1.3.2 Inelastic Scattering 1.3.3 Rearrangement Collisions 1.3.4 Many-Body Reactions 1.3.5 Photonuclear Reactions 1.3.6 Radiative Capture 1.4 Reaction Mechanisms 1.5 Nuclear Reaction Cross Sections 1.5.1 Definition 1.5.2 Elastic Scattering of Charged Particles 1.5.3 Resonances 1.5.4 Evaporation of Particles 1.5.5 Excitation Functions 1.5.6 Stripping Reactions 1.5.7 Photoproduction of Particles ReferencesChapter 2. Interaction of Charged Particle Beams With Solid Samples 2.1 Ionization Following Charged Particle Bombardment 2.2 X-Ray Emission Following Charged Particle Bombardment 2.2.1 X-Ray Emission 2.2.2 Elemental Analysis Using X-Ray Fluorescence Induced by Charged Particles 2.2.3 Secondary Electrons 2.3 Energy Loss of Charged Particles In Matter 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Stopping Power Parameters 2.3.3 Chemical Combination and Aggregation Effects 2.3.4 Charged Particle Range 2.3.5 Energy Straggling 2.4 Channeling Effects References Chapter 3. Analysis by Elastic Scattering of Charged Particles 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kinematics 3.2.1 Scattered Particle Energy 3.2.2 Transformations Between Coordinate Systems 3.2.3 Mass Resolution 3.2.4 Particle Spectra 3.3 Elastic Scattering Cross Section 3.3.1 Rutherford Scattering 3.3.2 Low Energy Limitation 3.3.3 High Energy Limitations For Heavy Ions 3.3.4 Proton Scattering 3.4 Backscattering From Solid Samples 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Calculation of the Scattered Yield 3.4.3 Energy Spreading 3.5 Applications of Backscattering to Elemental Analysis 3.5.1 Stoichiometry 3.5.2 Thin Layer Analysis 3.5.3 Depth Profile Measurements 3.5.4 Stopping Power Measurements 3.5.5 Energy Straggling Measurements 3.5.6 Resonant Reactions and Applications 3.5.7 Channeling In Single Crystal Analysis 3.5.8 Optimum Beam Characteristics For Backscattering Measurements References Chapter 4. Analysis by Gamma-Ray Detection 4.1 Gamma-Rays From Nuclear Reactions 4.1.1 Prompt Methods 4.1.2 Delayed Methods 4.2 Kinematical Effects 4.2.1 Recoil Effects 4.2.2 Doppler Effects 4.2.3 Thermal Motion 4.2.4 Nuclear Reactions Recoils 4.3 Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms 4.3.1 Resonant Reactions 4.3.2 Non Resonant Cross Sections (Heavy Nuclei) 4.3.3 Photonuclear Reactions 4.4 Prompt Gamma-Ray Yield From Thick Sample Bombardment 4.4.1 Thick Target Excitation Yield 4.4.2 Non Resonant Cross Sections 4.4.3 Broad Resonances 4.4.4 Narrow Resonances 4.4.5 Practical Formula 4.4.6 Experimental Determination of the Product Γα 4.5 Elemental Analysis by Prompt Gamma-Ray Detection 4.5.1 Prompt Gamma-Rays From Charged Particle Bombardment 4.5.2 Analysis by Nuclear Resonant Scattering of Gamma-Rays 4.6 Elemental Analysis by Delayed Methods 4.6.1 Charged Particle Activation 4.6.2 Photoactivation, Isomeric Metastable States 4.6.3 Photoactivation (ɤ,n), (ɤ, p) Reactions References Chapter 5. Analysis by Charged Particle and Neutron Spectroscopy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Reaction Cross Sections 5.2.1 Rearrangement Collisions 5.2.2 Stripping Reactions 5.2.3 (p, n) Reactions 5.3 Kinematics of Rearrangement Collisions 5.3.1 Kinematical Formulae 5.3.2 Consequences 5.4 Particle Spectra 5.4.1 Charged Particles 5.4.2 Neutron Emission 5.5 Solid Sample Bombardment 5.5.1 Charged Particles 5.5.2 Neutrons 5.6 Analytical Applications 5.6.1 Total Weight of Thin Layers (Xµl) 5.6.2 Depth Profile Analysis (1 < X < 10µm) 5.6.3 Profile Analysis by Resonant (p, α) Reactions 5.6.4 Depth Profile Analysis by (p, n) Reactions 5.6.5 Contamination Problems References Chapter 6. Analytical Applications of Nuclear Reactions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sensitivity 6.3 Light Element Determination by Delayed Techniques 6.3.1 Charged Particle Activation 6.3.2 Photoactivation 6.4 Light Element Determination by Prompt Radiation Detection 6.5 Heavy Elements 6.5.1 Prompt Nuclear Reactions 6.5.2 Backscattering 6.5.3 X-Ray Fluorescence 6.5.4 Photonuclear Reactions 6.5.5 Charged Particle Activation (Delayed Technique) 6.5.6 Scattering of Gamma-Rays 6.5.7 Excitation of Isomeric States 6.5.8 Examples 6.6 Typical Applications 6.6.1 Biological Samples 6.6.2 Semi-Conductor System Analysis 6.6.3 Applications To Metallurgy 6.6.4 Stoichiometry Determination of Surface Layers 6.6.5 Proton Microbeams 6.6.6 Recent Developments References Tables Author Index Subject Index