Introduction to Modern Biochemistry 3e
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Introduction to Modern Biochemistry, Fourth Edition provides a better understanding of the chemical background of biological phenomena. The book presents an introduction and a survey of the facts and concepts of biochemistry. The text is intended to be an instructional material. Topics of general importance, such as the generation and utilization of free energy, the role of genes in protein and enzyme synthesis, and the importance of the submicroscopic structure of the cell in biochemical reactions, are emphasized. No distinction between descriptive biochemistry and dynamic biochemistry are made, for the sake of simplicity and better comprehension of concepts presented in the book. Students, biochemists, biologists, pharmacists, and medical practitioners will find this book as a good reference.
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter I Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
1. Hydrocarbons as Parent Substances
2. Functional Groups
3. Polymeric Compounds
4. Isomerisms
5. Reactions with Biochemical Significance
Bibliography
Chapter II Amino Acids
1. Chemical Properties
2. Individual Amino Acids
3. Separation of Amino Acids
Bibliography
Chapter III Peptides
1. Structure and Nomenclature
2. Determination of Amino Acid Sequence in Peptides
3. Naturally Occurring Peptides
Bibliography
Chapter IV Proteins
1. Structure of Proteins
2. The Sequence of Amino Acids
3. Principles of Chain Conformation
4. Conformation of Scleroproteins
5. Conformation of Globular Proteins
6. Molecular Weights of Proteins
7. Colloidal Nature of Proteins
8. Purification and Check of Purity of Proteins
9. Classification of Globular Proteins
10. Plasma Proteins
Bibliography
Chapter V Enzymes and Biocatalysis
1. Chemical Nature of Enzymes
2. Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Energetics
3. Catalysts and Enzymes
4. Dynamic Equilibria and the Steady State
5. Energetic Coupling and Energy-Rich Compounds
6. Specificity of Enzyme Catalysis
7. Enzyme Kinetics
8. Conditions for Enzyme Activity
9. The Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis
10. Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
Bibliography
Chapter VI Coenzymes
1. Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups
2. Coenzymes and Vitamins
3. Structure and Classification of Coenzymes
4. Coenzymes of the Oxidoreductascs
5. Adenosine Triphosphate as Coenzyme
6. Coenzymes of C1 Metabolism
7. Coenzymes of C2 Metabolism
8. Further Group-Transferring Coenzymes
9. Coenzymes of Lyases, Isomerases, and Ligases
Bibliography
Chapter VII Nucleic Acids and Protein Biosynthesis
1. Bases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides
2. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
3. Structure of Nucleic Acids
4. Deoxyribonucleic Acid as Carrier of Genetic Information
5. The Transfer of Information: Biosynthesis of DNA and RNA
6. Protein Biosynthesis
7. Mode of Action of Genes
8. Biochemical Evolution
9. Biochemistry of Viruses
10. Nucleic Acid-Cleaving Enzymes and Phosphatases
Bibliography
Chapter VIII Metabolism of Proteins
1. Proteolytic Enzymes
2. Endopeptidases
3. Exopeptidases and Dipeptidases
4. Outline of the Metabolism of Amino Acids
5. Decarboxylation of Amino Acids
6. Transamination
7. Deamination
8. Urea Cycle
9. Fate of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids
10. Degradation to Activated Fatty Acids: Oxidative Decarboxylation
11. Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids
12. Amino Acids Supplying C1 Fragments
13. Ketoglutaric Acid or C4-Dicarboxylic Acid-Supplying Amino Acids
Bibliography
Chapter IX Porphyrins and Hemins
1. Biosynthesis of the Porphyrin System
2. Chemical Constitution of Heme
3. Multiplicity of Porphyrin Catalysis
4. Significance and Reactions of the Blood Pigment
5. Degradation of Blood Pigment
6. Cytochromes, Catalases, and Peroxidases. Chlorophyll
Bibliography
Chapter X Biological Oxidation—Metabolism of Oxygen
1. Combustion and Biological Oxidation
2. Oxidation as Loss of Electrons
3. The Redox Potential
4. The Respiratory Chain
5. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Respiratory Chain Phosphorylation)
6. Other Oxygen-Activating Enzymes
Bibliography
Chapter XI Carbon Dioxide Formation in the Citrate Cycle
1. Significance of the Citrate Cycle
2. The Individual Steps
3. Energy Yield of the Citrate Cycle
4. Relations to Synthetic Tasks. Glyoxylate Cycle
Bibliography
Chapter XII Fats and Fat Metabolism
1. Chemical Composition of Fats
2. Fats as Depot Material
3. ß-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
4. Metabolism of Unsaturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids
5. Formation of Acetoacetate — "Ketogenesis"
6. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
Bibliography
Chapter XIII Phospholipids, Glycolipids, and Membranes
1. Structural Features
2. Biosynthesis and Structure of Glycerophosphatides
3. Sphingosines and Sphingomyelins
4. Glycolipids
5. Biological Membranes
Bibliography
Chapter XIV Isoprenoid Lipids: Steroids and Carotenoids
1. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
2. Nomenclature and Stereochemistry of the Steroids
3. Sterols and Plant Steroids
4. Vitamin D
5. Bile Acids
6. Steroid Hormones
7. Carotenoids
8. Vitamin A and Visual Purple
9. Polyprenols and Polyprenyl Quinones
Bibliography
Chapter XV Simple Sugars, Monosaccharides
1. Nomenclature and Definitions
2. Hemiacetal Formulas
3. General Reactions of Monosaccharides
4. The Individual Sugars
5. Interconversion of Sugars
6. The Pentose Phosphate Cycle
7. Glycolysis and Alcohol Fermentation
8. The Metabolism of Fructose
9. Aerobic Carbohydrate Breakdown
10. Resynthesis of Glucose: Gluconeogenesis
Bibliography
Chapter XVI Photosynthesis
1. Importance of Photosynthesis
2. The Photosynthetic Apparatus and Light Reactions
3. Binding of CO2 and Reduction to Carbohydrate
4. Assimilation of Nitrogen
Bibliography
Chapter XVII Glycosides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
1. The Glycosidic Bond
2. Disaccharides
3. Enzymatic Cleavage of Oligosaccharides
4. Biosynthesis of Glycosides and Oligosaccharides
5. Polysaccharides: Homoglycans
6. Enzymatic Breakdown of Polysaccharides
7. Heteroglycans
8. Glycoproteins
Bibliography
Chapter XVIII Topochemistry of the Cell
1. The Nucleus of the Cell
2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Mitochondria
4. The Cytoplasmic Space (Cytosol)
Bibliography
Chapter XIX Regulatory Mechanisms and Correlations in Intermediary Metabolism
1. Principles of Metabolic Regulation
2. Metabolism of Carbohydrates
3. Metabolism of Fatty Acids
4. Citrate Cycle and Respiratory Chain
5. Metabolism of Proteins
6. The Common Pool of Intermediary Metabolism
Bibliography
Chapter XX Hormones
1. Principles of Hormonal Regulation
2. Adrenocortical Hormones
3. Gonadal Hormones
4. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
5. The Hormone of the Pineal Gland
6. Thyroid Hormones
7. The Parathyroid Hormone
8. The Pancreatic Hormones
9. Hypophyseal and Hypothalamic Hormones
10. Further Proteohormones
11. Hormone Regulation of Blood Glucose
12. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
13. Tissue Hormones
14. Hormones of Invertebrates
15. Pheromones
16. Growth Substances of Plants
Bibliography
Chapter XXI Mineral Metabolism
1. Water Balance
2. Water as Solvent
3. Active Transport
4. Acid-Base Equilibrium
5. Metabolism of Alkali and of Chloride
6. Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
7. Iron and Zinc
Bibliography
Chapter XXII Nutrition and Vitamins
1. Caloric Value and ATP Yield
2. Essential Food Components
3. Vitamins
4. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
5. Water-Soluble Vitamins
Bibliography
Chapter XXIII Special Biochemical Functions of Certain Organs
1. The Digestive Tract
2. The Liver
3. Blood
4. Kidney and Urine
5. Other Excretion Products
6. Connective and Supportive Tissue
7. Biochemistry of Muscles
8. The Biochemistry of the Nervous System
9. Development, Differentiation, and Malignant Degeneration
10. Summary
Bibliography
Appendix
List of Abbreviations Frequently Used in Biochemical Literature
1. Alphabetic List
2. Systematic List Chronological Table of Important Biochemical
Discoveries
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 560
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1975
- Published: January 1, 1975
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323162197
About the Author
P Karlson
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