Interpretation of the Ultraviolet Spectra of Natural Products

Interpretation of the Ultraviolet Spectra of Natural Products focuses on the ultraviolet spectrum of chromophores. The book first discusses single chromophores, including absorption due to electron lone pairs in saturated systems and absorption of olefins, alkynes, carbonyl compounds, and thiocarbonyl compounds. The text also takes a look at conjugated chromosomes, such as polyenes, enynes, and conjugated azomethines. The selection also evaluates C-aromatic compounds. Topics include benzenoid and hydrocarbons; phenols and their ethers; styrenes and stilbenes; aromatic carbonyl compounds; and nitro compounds. The text also discusses O- and S- heteroaromatic compounds and N-heteroaromatic compounds. The book highlights the applications of spectrophotometry to the analysis of natural products. Topics include formation of derivatives having absorbing chromophores; reactions leading to changes in absorption of added reagents; and analyses involving transformation to products suitable for spectrophotometry. The text is a good reference for readers wanting to explore chromophores.

Dedication

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

CONJUGATION OF CHROMOPHORES

SYMBOLSAND DEFINITIONS

Chapter 1: SINGLE CHROMOPHORES

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1.1 ABSORPTION DUE TO ELECTRON LONE PAIRS IN SATURATED SYSTEMS

1.2 OLEFINS

1.3 ALKYNES

1.4 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

1.5 ABSORPTION BY THE ―N=X GROUPING (Table 1.12)

1.6 THIOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Chapter 2: CONJUGATED CHROMOPHORES

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2.1 CONJUGATED DIENES

2.2 POLYENES

2.3 ENYNES

2.4 DIYNES AND POLY-YNES (Table 2.4)

2.5 ENONE ABSORPTION

2.4 α, β-UNSATURATED ACIDS AND ESTERS

2.5 UNSATURATED LACTONES (Table 2.16)

2.6 UNSATURATED AMIDES AND LACTAMS (Table 2.17)

2.7 CONJUGATED AZOMETHINES (Table 2.18)

2.8 CONJUGATED NITRILES (Table 2.18)

2.9 CUMULATED SYSTEMS —ALLENES, KETENS AND CARBODIIMIDES99

Chapter 3: C-AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

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3.1 BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS (TABLE 3.1)

3.2 PHENOLS AND THEIR ETHERS (Table 3.2a)

3.3 STYRENES AND STILBENES (TABLE 3.3)

3.4 AROMATIC CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

3.5 BENZOIC ACIDS, ESTERS AND LACTONES (Table 3.5a)

3.6 QUINONES (TABLE 3.6)

3.7 HIGHER AROMATIC SYSTEMS (Table 3.7)

3.8 AROMATIC AMINES (TABLE 3.8)

3.9 BENZONITRILES

3.10 NITRO COMPOUNDS

Chapter 4: O- AND S-HETEROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS

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4.1 THIOPHENS

4.2 FURANS (Table 4.1)

4.3 BENZOFURANS AND DIBENZOFURANS (TABLE 4.2)

4.4 α- AND γ-PYRONES (TABLE 4.3)

4.5 COUMARINS (TABLE 4.3)

4.6 CHROMONES (TABLE 4.3)

4.7 FLAVONES (Table 4.3)

4.8 FLAVANONES (TABLE 4.5)

4.9 ISOFLAVONES

4.10 COUMARANONES (TABLE 4.3)

4.11 AURONES

4.12 CHROMANONES

4.13 XANTHONES (TABLE 4.3)

4.14 FLAVANS, FLAVENES (TABLE 4.3)

4.15 ANTHOCYANINS (TABLE 4.9)

4.16 DEPSIDONES

Chapter 5: N-HETEROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS (MONO-AZINES)

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5.1 PYRROLES

5.2 DIPYRROMETHENES (TABLE 5.2)

5.3 PORPHINS AND CHLORINS (TABLE 5.3)

5.4 INDOLES

5.5 PYRIDINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES (TABLE 5.5)

5.6 QUINOLINES AND ISOQUINOLINES (Table 5.6)

Chapter 6: N-HETEROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS (POLYAZINES)

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6.1 PYRIMIDINES

6.2 PYRAZINES (Table 6.2)

6.3 PURINES (Table 6.3)

6.4 PTERIDINES (Table 6.4)

Chapter 7: SOME APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRY TO THE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

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7.1 ANALYSIS BASED ON EXISTING CHROMOPHORIC GROUPS

7.2 ANALYSES INVOLVING TRANSFORMATION TO PRODUCTS SUITABLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

7.3 FORMATION OF DERIVATIVES POSSESSING STRONGLY ABSORBING CHROMOPHORES

7.4 COLOUR REACTIONS

7.5 REACTIONS LEADING TO SPECIFIC CHANGES IN ABSORPTION OF ADDED REAGENTS

Chapter 8: APPLICATION OF SPECTRAL DATA TO INVESTIGATION OF GROSS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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8.1 VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)

8.2 β-i-METHYLIONONE

8.3 CYCLOPENTENONES

8.4 α, β-UNSATURATED LACTONES

8.5 α,β-UNSATURATED ACIDS AND ESTERS

8.1 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA OF SOME STEROIDS31

8.7 β-DIKETONES AND -TRIKETONES (2-ACYL-1,3-DIONES)

8.8 POLYENES AND CAROTENOIDS

8.9 NATURALLY OCCURRING ACETYLENES

8.10 BENZOQUINONES AND NAPHTHAQUINONES

8.11 ANTHRĄQUINONES58,59

8.12 HYPERICIN61

8.13 APHIS PIGMENTS62

8.14 INDOLE ALKALOIDS

8.15 PYRROLE PIGMENTS

8.16 NATURAL TROPOLONES69

Chapter 9: INTERPRETATION OF THE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA OF SOME COMPLEX MOLECULES

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9.1 TERRAMYCIN

9.2 PODOPHYLLUM LIGNANS

9.3 SHELLOLIC ACID

9.4 ACONITUM–DELPHINIUM–GARRYA ALKALOIDS

9.5 SOME OXYGEN HETEROCYCLIC MOULD METABOLITES

9.6 ATROVENETIN

9.7 AZALEIN18

9.8 MAALIOL15,16

9.9 FLAVOTHEBAONE

9.10 PLUMIERIDE18

9.11 MAGNAMYCIN19

9.12 STREPTIMIDONE

9.13 SOME PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

9.14 LIMONIN

9.15 MORPHINE ALKALOIDS24

APPENDIX: APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRY IN THE ANALYSIS OF STEROIDS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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