Inactivity: Physiological Effects
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Inactivity: Physiological Effects describes the physiological deconditioning inherent in inactivity and immobilization. This book is organized into eight chapters that review the body of information from studies on healthy volunteers conducted in direct support of the space program. Considerable chapters are devoted to the changes occurring in the cardiovascular system, bone and muscle, metabolism and endocrine responses, psychosocial responses, and exercise tolerance. Other chapters discuss the clinical effects and clinical management of deterioration while indicating the changes that have been found in health, normal bed rested subjects. The remaining chapters explore the data on crews that have flown in since their physiological responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in bed rested subjects or immobilized patients on earth. Clinicians, nursing staff, physiologists, researchers, and students in the field will find this book invaluable.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1 Introduction
I. Entry into the Space Age
II. Ground-Based Simulations of Weightlessness
III. Effects of Inactivity
IV. The Effects of Gravity
V. Summary
References
2 Cardiovascular Effects of Inactivity
I. The Impact of Gravity
II. Levels of Defense in Body Position Changes
III. The Gauer-Henry Reflex
IV. Cardiovascular Responses to Inactivity and Immobilization
V. Stress Test Responses following Inactivity
VI. Cardiovascular Changes with Weightlessness
VII. Management of Cardiovascular Effects of Inactivity
VIII. Clinical Applications
References
3 Effects of Inactivity on Bone and Calcium Metabolism
I. Current Concepts of Skeletal Metabolism
II. Current Concepts in Calcium Metabolism
III. Negative Calcium Balance during Bed Rest
IV. Changes in Blood Chemistries during Bed Rest
V. Intestinal Calcium Absorption during Bed Rest
VI. Renal Excretion of Calcium during Bed Rest
VII. Influence of Age and Sex on Calciuria
VIII. The Effect of Bed Rest on Bone Density
IX. Effects of Immobilization on Bone Composition and Structure
X. Effects of Exercise on Bone Loss during Bed Rest
XI. Bone Loss during Spaceflight
XII. Bone Changes in "Bed Rested" Animal Models
XIII. Summary
Reference
4 Effects of Inactivity on Muscle
I. Muscles and Gravity
II. Functional Anatomy
III. Biochemistry of Muscle Contraction
IV. Neural Control
V. Effects of Exercise on Muscles
VI. Disuse Atrophy of Muscle
VII. Effects of Inactivity
VIII. Spaceflight Findings
IX. Management of Disuse Atrophy
X. Diseases of Muscle Inactivity
XI. Conclusions
References
5 Metabolic and Endocrine Changes
I. Metabolic Changes with Inactivity
II. Post-Bed-Rest Orthostatic Hypotension and Countermeasures
III. Drug Metabolism and Drug Action
IV.Conclusions
References
6 Psychosocial and Chronophysiological Effects of Inactivity and Immobilization
I. Introduction
II. Isolation
III. Immobilization
IV. Summary and Conclusions
References
7 Exercise Responses after Inactivity
I. Introduction
II. Exercise Performance after Bed Rest
III. Physiologic Changes Associated with Reduced Work Capacity
IV. Environmental Factors Affecting Exercise Performance after Bed Rest
V. Recovery from Bed Rest Inactivity
VI. Practical Applications
VII. Summary
References
8 Conclusions
I. Cardiovascular Effects
II. Effects on Bone
III. Effects on Muscle
IV. Metabolic and Endocrine Changes
V. Psychosocial Aspects of Immobilization
VI. The Impact of Exercise
VII. Summary
References
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 222
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1986
- Published: December 9, 1986
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323159869
About the Author
Harold Sandler
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