Human Responses to Environmental Odors

List of Contributors Preface Psychophysical Scaling of Odor Attributes of Odors Scales of Measurement Construction of a Psychophysical Scale Comparison of Scaling Techniques Form of the Psychophysical Function Procedural Variables Adaptation, Masking, and Mixtures References An Evaluation of Community Problems Caused by Industrial Odors Introduction Attitude Surveys Sensory Techniques National Survey of the Odor Problem Social and Economic Impact of Odors Chemical and Instrumental Methods References Lasar Raman Spectroscopy I. Introduction II. Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy ΙII. Raman Instrumentation IV. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems V. Special Topics VI. Epilogue ReferencesMethod and Theory in the Study of Odor Preferences Theories about Odor Preference Studies of Children’s Judgments of Odors The Origin of Odor Preferences Familiarity and Odor Preference The Study of Odor Associations Summary and Conclusions References Sensory Evaluation of Odor Intensity at the Source and in the Ambient Air I. Introduction II. Equipment III. Methods for Sensory Source Strength Analysis IV. Sensory Evaluation of Odorous Air Pollutants in the Ambient Air References Transport and Dispersal of Odors I. General Characteristics of Dispersion in the Atmosphere II. The Specific Odor Dispersion Problem III. A Field Study to Check the Theoretical Odor Dispersion Model IV. Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Determination of the Parameters σyr, σzr, and σzc List of Symbols References Vapor Pressures and Raoult’s Law Deviations in Relation to Odor Enhancement and Suppression I. Introduction II. Vapor Pressures in Odorant Mixtures III. Evaporation of Odorant Solutions V. General Conclusions ReferencesCombustion Odors—A Case Study Introduction The Dose The Response Summary ReferencesSampling in Airborne Odorant Analysis I. Introduction II. Types and Methods of Sampling III. Reproducibility and Accuracy in Quantitative Vapor Sampling IV. Necessity for Organoleptic Tests in Practical Odorant Studies V. Vapor Dilution Methods for Determinations of the Efficiency of Procedures for Odorant Cumulation ReferencesAnnoyance Reactions to Environmental Odors Reactions Studied in Different Odor Surveys Variations in Reactions in a Population That Are Not Caused by Variations in Exposure Results of Some Investigations of Annoyance Reactions Caused by Offensive Smells Conclusions ReferencesThe Stability of Emitted Odorous Compounds in the Atmosphere Introduction Reactions of Importance for the Air Chemistry of Hydrogen Sulfide and Organic Sulfur Compounds Conclusions from Observations at Atmospheric Conditions Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide and Organic Sulfur Compounds from the Gas Phase by Adsorption Discussion ReferencesSubject Index