High Collection Nonimaging Optics

Preface Chapter 1 Concentrators and Their Uses 1.1 Concentrating Collectors 1.2 Definition of the Concentration Ratio; the Theoretical Maximum 1.3 Uses of Concentrators Chapter 2 Some Basic Ideas in Geometrical Optics 2.1 The Concepts of Geometrical Optics 2.2 Formulation of the Ray-Tracing Procedure 2.3 Elementary Properties of Image-Forming Optical Systems 2.4 Aberrations in Image-Forming Optical Systems 2.5 The Effect of Aberrations in an Image-Forming System on the Concentration Ratio 2.6 The Optical Path Length and Fermat's Principle 2.7 The Generalized Etendue or Lagrange Invariant and the Phase Space Concept 2.8 The Skew Invariant 2.9 Different Versions of the Concentration Ratio Chapter 3 Some Designs of Image-Forming Concentrators 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Some General Properties of Ideal Image-Forming Concentrators 3.3 Can an Ideal Image-Forming Concentrator Be Designed? 3.4 Media with Continuously Varying Refractive Index 3.5 Another System of Spherical Symmetry 3.6 Image-Forming Mirror Systems 3.7 Conclusions on Image-Forming Concentrators Chapter 4 Nonimaging Concentrators: The Compound Parabolic Concentrator 4.1 Light Cones 4.2 The Edge-Ray Principle 4.3 The Compound Parabolic Concentrator 4.4 Properties of the Compound Parabolic Concentrator 4.5 Cones and Paraboloids as Concentrators Chapter 5 Developments and Modifications of the Basic Compound Parabolic Concentrator 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Dielectric-Filled CPC with Total Internal Reflection 5.3 The CPC with Exit Angle Less Than π/2 5.4 The Concentrator for a Source at a Finite Distance 5.5 The Two-Stage CPC 5.6 The CPC Designed for Skew Rays 5.7 The Truncated CPC 5.8 The Lens-Mirror CPC Chapter 6 Developments of the Compound Parabolic Concentrator for Nonplane Absorbers 6.1 2D Collection in General 6.2 Extension of the Edge-Ray Principle 6.3 Some Examples 6.4 The Differential Equation for the Concentrator Profile 6.5 Mechanical Construction for 2D Concentrator Profiles 6.6 The Most General Design Method for a 2D Concentrator 6.7 A Constructive Design Principle for Optimal Concentrators Chapter 7 Flowline Approach to Nonimaging Concentration 7.1 The Concept of the Flowline 7.2 Lines of Flow from Lambertian Radiators: 2D Examples 7.3 3D Example 7.4 A Simplified Method for Calculating Lines of Flow 7.5 Properties of the Lines of Flow 7.6 Application to Concentrator Design 7.7 The Hyperboloid of Revolution as a Concentrator 7.8 Elaborations of the Hyperboloid: The Truncated Hyperboloid 7.9 The Hyperboloid Combined with a Lens 7.10 The Hyperboloid Combined with Two Lenses 7.11 Generalized Flowline Concentrators with Refractive Components Chapter 8 Physical Optics Aspects of Concentrators and Collectors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Etendue in the Physical Optics Model 8.3 Defining Generalized Radiance 8.4 Efficiency of 2D Concentrators in the Scalar Wave Model 8.5 Efficiency of 3D Concentrators: An Image-Formation Approach 8.6 The Quantum Optics Approach 8.7 Resonance Effects 8.8 Focusing in Electromagnetic Theory 8.9 More about Generalized Radiance 8.10 Conclusions Chapter 9 Shape Tolerances and Manufacturing Methods for Nonimaging Optical Components 9.1 Optical Tolerances 9.2 Tolerances for Nonimaging Concentrators 9.3 Ray-Tracing Results 9.4 Peaks in the Emergent Light Distribution 9.5 Reflectors for Uniform Illumination 9.6 Materials and Manufacture Chapter 10 Applications to Solar Energy Concentration 10.1 The Requirements for Concentrators 10.2 Earth-Sun Geometry 10.3 Insolation Characteristics 10.4 Collector Design 10.5 Nonevacuated CPCs 10.6 Evacuated CPCs 10.7 An Advanced CPC: The Integrated Concentrator 10.8 Nonimaging Secondary Concentrators Chapter 11 Illumination of Optical Systems and Instruments 11.1 Introduction: The Radiance Theorem 11.2 Radiance of Laboratory Light Sources 11.3 Conventional Illumination Systems for Instruments 11.4 Nonimaging Optics in Light Collection for Instruments 11.5 Lasers as Sources for Optical Instruments 11.6 Fiber Optics Applications 11.7 Collection of Cerenkov and Other Radiation 11.8 Concentration of Radiation in Detector Systems Limited by Detector Noise 11.9 Stray-Radiation Shields 11.10 Optical Pumping and General Condensing Problems 11.11 Biological Analogs Appendix A Derivation and Explanation of the Etendue Invariant, Including the Dynamical Analogy; Derivation of the Skew Invariant A.l The Generalized Etendue A.2 Proof of the Generalized Etendue Theorem A.3 The Mechanical Analogies and Liouville's Theorem A.4 The Skew Invariant A.5 Conventional Photometry and the Etendue Appendix B The Impossibility of Designing a "Perfect" Imaging Optical System: The Corresponding Nonimaging Problem Appendix C The Lüneburg Lens Appendix D The Geometry of the Basic Compound Parabolic Concentrator Appendix E The θi/θ0 Concentrator Appendix F The Concentrator Design for Skew Rays F.l The Differential Equation F.2 The Ratio of Input to Output Areas for the Concentrator F.3 Proof That Extreme Rays Intersect at the Exit Aperture Rim F.4 Another Proof of the Sine Relation for Skew Rays F.5 The Frequency Distribution of h Appendix G The Truncated Compound Parabolic Concentrator Appendix H The Differential Equation for the 2D Concentrator Profile with Nonplane Absorber Appendix I Deriving a Formula for Generalized Radiance Appendix J Skew Rays in Hyperboloid Concentrator Appendix K Sine Relation for Hyperboloid Lens Concentrator References Index