
Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses
An Epidemiological–Clinical Twin Study
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Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses involves an epidemiological clinical study of twins carried out at the University Psychiatric Institute in Oslo. The author reviews the history and nosological aspects of psychiatry. In his study of twin genetics, the author seeks to answer the questions "What is inherited?" and "How is it inherited?" In his review of 342 pairs of twins in the Central Register of Psychosis, his study had the following aims: to obtain true concordance figures for all types of functional psychoses; to study problems pertaining to nosology; and to study a larger sample of discordant pairs in order to clarify crucial environmental factors. His findings show that concordance figures for schizophrenia are 25-38 per cent in monozygotic twins and 4-10 per cent ion dizygotic twins. He points out that the difference in such concordance rates between the two types of twins is statistically significant. The data supports the (weak) assumption of a genetic factor in the etiology of schizophrenia. Behavioral scientists, psychiatrists, child psychologists, and researchers involved in genetics will find this book helpful and informative.
Table of Contents
I Introduction
Historical Survey
Schizophrenia
Nosological Aspects
Heredity and Environment
The Rationale of the Twin Method
Methodological Problems
General Remarks
Concordance Figures
Brief Review of Earlier and Current Twin Studies
General Remarks
Twin Studies in Psychosis
II Aims of the Investigation
III Sample and Methods
The Registries
The Birth Register
The Twin Register
The Central Register of Psychosis
Comparison of the Twin Register with the Register of Psychosis
Hospital Records
The Population Registers
Zygosity Diagnosis
Psychiatric Investigation of the Families
An Anecdote
The Reliability of the Psychiatric Interview
Supplementary Information
Coding of Data
IV Classification
Psychiatric Diagnosis
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform Psychosis
Borderline States
Reactive Psychosis
Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Organic Psychosis
Neurosis
Psychopathy
Syndrome Diagnosis
Global Mental Health Rating
Reliability of Psychiatric Classification
V Statistical Procedure
VI Frequency of Functional Psychosis in the Twin Sample in Comparison with the General Population
Discussion
VII Survey of the Sample
Sex, Age, Zygosity
Age at Onset of Schizophrenia
Type of Onset
VIII Concordance
Calculation of Concordance Rates
Concordance Figures
Schizophrenia
Reactive Psychosis
Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Summary of the Monozygotic Pairs with Regard to Concordance
Sex and Concordance
Severity and Concordance
Discussion of Methodology
Sources of Error due to Sampling
Sources of Error due to Doubtful Zygosity Diagnosis
Sources of Error due to Risk Period
IX Comparison of Own Findings to Previous Studies
Concordance Figures for Schizophrenia
Sex and Concordance in Schizophrenia
Severity and Concordance in Schizophrenia
Concordance Figures for Manic-depressive Psychosis
Sex and Concordance in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
X The Co-Twin's Personality
The Co-twins of the Schizophrenic Monozygotic Twins
Discussion
The Co-twin of the Monozygotic Twin with Reactive Psychosis
The Co-twin of the Manic-depressive Monozygotic Twin
Comparison of Syndromes
XI The Twin Relationship
XII Factors in Childhood and Adolescence Related to Schizophrenia
Birth Order, Birth Weight, and Physique
Personality Traits in Childhood
Nervous Symptoms in Childhood
School Performances
Premorbid Personality Traits
Sex Life
Social Adjustment
Discussion
XIII Comparison between the Schizophrenic Concordant and Discordant Cases
The Genetic Hypothesis
The Environmental Hypothesis
XIV The Social Environment
Social Class
Social Isolation
Family Relations
XV The Parents and the Siblings
Personality Deviations and Illness in the Parents
Personality Deviations in the Siblings
Association of Mental Health by Sex
Impressionistic Data on the Sibling Positions
XVI Twins Brought Up Apart
Own Findings
Discussion
XVII General Discussion and Conclusion
XVIII Summary
Appendix 1 Summary Table of the Monozygotic Pairs
Appendix 2 Four Twin Case Histories
Appendix 3 Explanatory Notes and Abbreviations
Appendix 4 Papers Based on Research Reported in this Book
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Publisher's Note
The Case Histories of the Schizophrenic and the Schizophreniform Twins and Their Cotwins are to Be Found in a Second Volume (In This Book Designated Volume 2 ) Which has been Printed on Offset by Universitetsforlaget
Product details
- No. of pages: 202
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 2013
- Published: January 1, 1967
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483195780
About the Author
Einar Kringlen
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