Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

24th Edition - June 1, 2021
Authors: Richard A. McPherson, Matthew R. Pincus
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 3 2 0 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 5 0 8 - 5

For more than 100 years, Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods has been recognized as the premier text in clinical laboratory medicine, widely used by… Read more

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For more than 100 years, Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods has been recognized as the premier text in clinical laboratory medicine, widely used by both clinical pathologists and laboratory technicians. Leading experts in each testing discipline clearly explain procedures and how they are used both to formulate clinical diagnoses and to plan patient medical care and long-term management. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, it provides cutting-edge coverage of automation, informatics, molecular diagnostics, proteomics, laboratory management, and quality control, emphasizing new testing methodologies throughout.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Associate Editors
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1. The Clinical Laboratory
Chapter 1. General Concepts and Administrative Issues
Strategic Planning
Quality Systems Management
Human Resource Management
Financial Management
Laboratory Design and Service Models
Regulation, Accreditation, and Legislation
Safety
Chapter 2. Optimizing Laboratory Workflow and Performance
Understanding Workflow
Understanding Technology
Optimizing Performance
Chapter 3. Preanalysis
Precollection Variables
Specimen Collection
Blood Collection Overview
Blood Collection Techniques
Urine And Other Body Fluids Collection
Specimen Transport
Specimen Processing
Chapter 4. Analysis: Principles Of Instrumentation
Principles Of Instrumentation
General Analytic Methods And Issues
Chapter 5. Mass Spectrometry and Applications
Overview
Definitions And Terminology
Principles of Mass Spectrometry
Analytic Methods
Mass Spectrometry in a Clinical Environment
Ms-Based Omics
Challenges in Implementing Mass Spectrometry into Clinical Laboratories
Future Perspectives on Clinical Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 6. Analysis: Clinical Laboratory Automation
Evolution Of Automation
Preanalytic And Postanalytic Automation
The Automated Chemistry Analyzer: Core Components
The Continuum Of Chemistry Automation
Automation In Other Sections Of The Laboratory
Planning For Laboratory Automation
Chapter 7. Point-Of-Care Testing And Physician Office Laboratories
Introduction: Definition Of Point-Of-Care Testing
Regulatory Requirements
Laboratory Directorship
Compliance
Types Of Point-Of-Care Testing
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Point-Of-Care Testing
Connectivity And Data Management
Implementation Of A Point-Of-Care Testing Program
Maintenance Of A Point-Of-Care Testing Program
Conclusions
Chapter 8. Postanalysis: Medical Decision Making
Assessment of Analytic Correctness of Results
Assessment of Clinical Significance of Results
General Principles for the Interpretation of Laboratory Results
Evidence-Based Medicine
Systematic Reviews of Clinical Effectiveness Research and Clinical Practice Guidelines
Chapter 9. Interpreting Laboratory Results
Interpreting and Correlating Abnormal Laboratory Values
Abnormalities in the Hematology Profile
Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Chemical Pathology
Examples of Clinical Cases with Clinicopathologic Correlations
Chapter 10. Laboratory Statistics
Definitions
Variables
Preparing to Analyze Data
Descriptive Statistics
Comparative Statistics
Analyzing Discrete Data: Testing Proportions
Trend Evaluation and Correlative Statistics
Method Validation and Process Control
Resources for Statistical Analysis
Chapter 11. Quality Control
Analytic Bias and Imprecision
Calibration Considerations in Quality Control
Overview of Quality Control Procedures
Implementing Quality Control Procedures
Verifying Quality Control Evaluation Parameters Following a Reagent Lot Change
Verifying Method Performance Following Use of a New Lot of Calibrator
Using Patient Data in Quality Control Procedures
Proficiency Testing
Quality Management
12. Clinical Laboratory Informatics
Fundamentals of Clinical Informatics
Database Fundamentals: Design, Implementation, and Maintenance
Positive Patient and Specimen Identification and Barcoding
Laboratory Information Systems
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Glossary
Chapter 13. Financial Management
Industry Overview
Defining and Identifying Costs
Revenue
Payers and Reimbursement
Reimbursement Coding Systems
Financial Performance and Monitoring
Evaluating A Capital Project
Capital Acquisition Methods
Chapter 14. Ethics In Laboratory Medicine
Hippocratic Oath Today
Regulations
Human Subject Research
Development Of Federal Regulations For Human Subjects Research
Case Reports
Categories Of Human Subjects Research
Method validation or newly developed assays—trials for u.s. Food and drug administration submission
Close Out Of A Research Study
Research In The Clinical Laboratory
Confidentiality Of Genetic Information
Clinical Trial Phases
Authorship
Dishonest Behavior
Kickbacks/Bribery
Ownership Of Specimens
Summary
Part 2. Clinical Chemistry
Chapter 15. Evaluation Of Renal Function, Water, Electrolytes, And Acid-Base Balance
Introduction
Volumes And Osmolality Of Body Fluid
Regulation Of Extracellular Volume
Measurement Of Renal Function
Biomarkers Of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Disorders Of Potassium
Disorders Of Water, Sodium, And Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Metabolism
Acid-Base Disorders
Chapter 16. Biochemical Markers Of Bone Metabolism
Mineral And Bone Metabolism
Disorders Of Mineral Metabolism
Biochemical Markers Of Bone Remodeling
Metabolic Bone Disease
Chapter 17. Carbohydrates
Function of the Endocrine Pancreas
Glucose Measurements
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia
Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism
CHAPTER 18. Lipids And Dyslipoproteinemia
Overview
Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, And Related Proteins
Lipid Transport and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Lipid and Lipoprotein Measurement
Additional Methods in The Study Of Dyslipidemia
Guidelines for cholesterol testing and management
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Disease
High triglyceride and low HDL cholesterol
Chapter 19. Cardiac Injury, Atherosclerosis, And Thrombotic Disease
Overview
Background
Markers Of Myocardial Damage
Clinical protocols
Markers of congestive heart failure
Other Conditions Associated With Atherosclerosis or Thrombosis
Chapter 20. Specific Proteins
Protein Structure
Techniques Of Protein Separation
Protein Detection And Quantitation
Specific Plasma Proteins
Patterns Of Protein Abnormalities
Chapter 21. Clinical Enzymology
General Properties of Enzymes
Enzyme Kinetics: Determination Of Total Enzyme Concentrations In Serum And Other Body Fluids
Inhibition of Enzymes
Catalytic Efficiency: Transition State Theory And Drug Design
Specific Enzymes
Chapter 22. Evaluation Of Liver Function
Normal Liver Function
Tests Of Liver Injury
Diagnosis Of Liver Diseases
Chapter 23. Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Disorders
Pancreatic Disorders
Gastroenterologic Disorders
Stool Collection and Examination
Chapter 24. Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Basic Techniques for Detecting Drugs in Serum and Urine
The Drugs of Abuse
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Toxins and Acute Poisoning
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Evaluation of Endocrine Function
Pituitary Function
Thyroid Function
Adrenal Function
Renin-Aldosterone Axis
Chapter 26. Reproductive Function and Pregnancy
Normal Physiology
Laboratory Evaluation of Reproductive Function
Laboratory Evaluation of Pregnancy
Chapter 27. Vitamins and Trace Elements
Introduction
Vitamins
Trace Elements
Chapter 28. Chemical Basis for Analyte Assays and Common Interferences
Introduction
Ion-Selective Electrodes
Spectrophotometric Determinations Using Simple Reagents
Use of Enzymes as Reagents to Determine Analyte Concentrations
Part 3. Urine and Other Body Fluids
Chapter 29. Basic Examination of Urine
Urine Formation
Components of Basic (Routine) Urinalysis
Methods For Urinalysis
Special Testing And Monitoring Techniques
Chapter 30. Cerebrospinal, Synovial, Serous Body Fluids, and Alternative Specimens
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Synovial Fluid
Pleural Fluid
Pericardial Fluid
Peritoneal Fluid
Alternative Specimens
Chemical Measurements in Body Fluids
Part 4. Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
Chapter 31. Basic Examination of Blood and Bone Marrow
Hematology Principles and Procedures
Blood Film Examination
Bone Marrow Examination
Chapter 32. Hematopoiesis
Stem Cells
Hematopoietic Tissues
Erythrocyte Production
Erythrocyte Destruction
Erythrokinetics
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils And Mast Cells
Monocytes And Macrophages
Megakaryocytes
Lymphocytes
Chapter 33. Erythrocytic Disorders
Anemias
Polycythemia
The porphyrias
Chapter 34. Leukocytic Disorders
Leukocytes
Nonneoplastic Disorders
Neoplastic Disorders Primarily Involving Leukocytes
Chapter 35. The Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Hematopoietic Neoplasia
Technical Considerations
Interpretive Considerations
Summary
Chapter 36. Immunohematology
Basic Immunohematologic Concepts
Erythrocyte Antigens and Antibodies
Immunohematology Tests And Procedures
Positive Direct Antiglobulin Tests and Hemolytic Anemia Induced By Medication
Granulocyte serology
Platelet serology
Chapter 37. Transfusion Medicine
Background
Blood Collection
Blood Component Manufacture
Selection of Blood Components
Pretransfusion Testing
Transfusion Administration
Transfusion Reactions
Conclusion
Chapter 38. Hemapheresis
Introduction
Donor Cytapheresis
Donor Plasmapheresis
Indications for Therapeutic Hemapheresis
Donor/Patient Complications Common to All Hemapheresis Procedures
Summary
Chapter 39. Tissue Banking and Progenitor Cells
Sources of Tissue
Tissue Bank Activities
Skin Banking
Musculoskeletal Tissues
Cardiac Valves
Cornea
Reproductive Tissue
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Banking
Part 5. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Chapter 40. Coagulation And Fibrinolysis
Overview Of Hemostasis
Physiologic Hemostasis
Clinical Hemostasis
Hereditary Coagulation Protein Defects
Acquired Coagulation Disorders
Chapter 41. Platelet Disorders and Von Willebrand Disease
Normal Platelet Biology
Laboratory Evaluation of Platelet Disorders
Quantitative Platelet Disorders
Inherited Disorders of Platelet Function
Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
Von Willebrand Factor, Von Willebrand Disease, and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Chapter 42. Laboratory Approach to Thrombotic Risk
Endogenous Anticoagulant Mechanisms
Prothrombotic States
Appropriate Laboratory Utilization
Chapter 43. Antithrombotic Therapy
Vitamin K Antagonists
Antithrombin-Dependent Parenteral Anticoagulants
Target-Specific Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet Therapy
Part 6. Immunology and Immunopathology
Chapter 44. Overview of the Immune System and Immunologic Disorders
Lymphoid Cells
Nonlymphoid Cells
Humoral Factors
Histocompatibility Antigens
Mechanisms of Immunologic Injury
Laboratory Applications of Immunologic Assessment
Therapeutics in Immunology
Chapter 45. Immunoassays And Immunochemistry
Immunoassays And Immunochemistry
Overview Of General Principles Of Immunoassays
Precipitin And Nephelometric Immunoassays
Particle Immunoassay
Radioimmunoassay
Enzyme Immunoassay
Fluorescent Immunoassay
Chemiluminescent Immunoassay
Instrument Automation And Modulation Of Assay Systems
Rapid And Simple Test Devices For Point-Of-Care Testing
Noncompetitive Immunoassay For Small Molecules
Sensitive Immunoassay For Total Antigen Including Complex Using Specimen-Pretreatment Method
Simultaneous Multiple Immunoassays
Single-Molecule Detection
Chapter 46. Laboratory Evaluation of The Cellular Immune System
General Principles of Cellular Immunology
Flow and Image Cytometry In Evaluation Of Cellular Immunity
Gating and Data Analysis
Clinical Significance of Cellular Immune Testing
Clinical Interpretation of Cellular Immune Testing
Methodologic Approach to Cellular Immune Testing
Laboratory Evaluation of Lymphocyte Function
Laboratory Evaluation of Granulocyte And Monocyte Function
Quality Control and Quality Assurance in the Cellular Laboratory
Chapter 47. Laboratory Evaluation Of Immunoglobulin Function And Humoral Immunity
Structural Properties Of Antibodies
The Genetic Basis Of Antibody Diversity
General Properties Of Immunoglobulins
Clinical Significance Of Immunoglobulins
Chapter 48. Mediators of Inflammation: Complement
Structure and Function of The Complement System
Genetic Complement Deficiencies
Assessment Of Complement Activity In Disease
Complement In Disease States
Clinically Useful Complement Inhibitors
Assays Of Complement
Kinins And The Kinin-Generating System
Perspectives
Chapter 49. Mediators of Inflammation: Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules
Cytokines
Chemokine And Chemokine Receptor Family
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Leukocyte Extravasation
Perspectives
Chapter 50. Human Leukocyte Antigen: The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Humans
Introduction
Genetics of The Major Histocompatibility Complex
Class I Molecules—HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C Subregions
Class II Molecules—HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP Subregions
Characteristics of Antigenic Fragments Bound By MHC Class I and Class II Molecules
Recognition of Foreign MHC Molecules
Minor Histocompatibility Molecules
HLA Nomenclature
Techniques for Identifying HLA Polymorphism
Tissue/Organ Transplantation
Summary
Chapter 51. The Major Histocompatibility Complex And Disease
Overview Of The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Dna Sequence
Genes In The Central Or Class Iii Region
Extended Haplotypes
Mhc Disease Associations
Methods Of Detecting Association Or Linkage Of Disease With Genetic Markers
Summary
Chapter 52. Immunodeficiency Disorders
Diagnostic Considerations in Immunodeficiency Workups
Evaluation of the Immune System
Novel Approaches to Treating Immunodeficiency Disorders
Summary
Chapter 53. Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Introduction and Classification of Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Related Lupus–Like Disorders
Sjögren Syndrome
Systemic Sclerosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Concept of Overlap Syndromes
Profiles of Autoantibodies in Various Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
Techniques Used To Detect Autoantibodies
Chapter 54. Vasculitis
Introduction
Diagnostic Classification Of Vasculitis
Large Vessel Vasculitis
Medium Vessel Vasculitis
Small Vessel Vasculitis
Summary
Chapter 55. Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases
Introduction and Overview to the Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases
Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases
Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Autoimmune Diseases
Glomerular Autoimmune Diseases
Immunoendocrinopathies
Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction, Nervous System, and Muscle
Conclusion
Chapter 56. Allergic Diseases
Overview
Pathogenesis of Allergic Disease
Laboratory Testing in the Evaluation of Allergic Diseases
Part 7. Medical Microbiology
Chapter 57. Medical Bacteriology
Specimen Processing
Medically Important Bacteria
Chapter 58. In Vitro Testing of Antimicrobial Agents
Introduction and Definitions
Technical Considerations in Susceptibility Testing
Inhibitory Methods for Susceptibility Testing
Bactericidal Testing
Commercial Automated Instrument Systems
Molecular-Based and Newer Methods of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Indications for Susceptibility Testing
Selection of Antibiotics for Testing
Selecting Antibiotics to Be Reported
Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Reports
Chapter 59. Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Testing for latent M. Tuberculosis infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 60. Mycotic Diseases
Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Fungal Morphology
Diagnostic Techniques
Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, and Other Infections Caused by Yeast
Mycoses Caused by Dimorphic Fungi
Dermatophytoses
Mycoses Caused by Dematiaceous (Melanized) Fungi
Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)
Aspergillosis, Fusariosis, and Other Mycoses Caused by Hyaline Fungi
Microsporidiosis
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Protothecosis
Chapter 61. Spirochete Infections
Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia
Agents of Intestinal Spirochetosis
Chapter 62. Chlamydial And Mycoplasmal Infections
Chlamydial Infections
Mycoplasmal and Ureaplasmal Infections
Chapter 63. Rickettsiae and Other Related Intracellular Bacteria
Rickettsial Infections
Chapter 64. Viral Infections
Introduction
Clinical Viral Infectious Syndromes
Summary
Chapter 65. Medical Parasitology
Parasite Classification and Taxonomy
Laboratory Methods
Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Intestinal Helminths
Tissue Helminths
Medically Important Arthropods
Parasitic Infections and the Immunocompromised Host
Chapter 66. Specimen Collection and Handling for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
General Principles
Blood
Body Fluids
Tissues
Eye
Respiratory Tract
Urinary Tract
Genital Tract
Feces
Skin and Subcutaneous Lesions
Part 8. Molecular Pathology
67. Introduction To Molecular Pathology
Introduction
Special Considerations For Molecular Diagnostics Laboratories
The Molecular Biology Revolution And Its Impact On The Practice Of Pathology
Discussion Of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology
Implications Of Molecular Diagnostics On The Practice Of Pathology And Medicine
Quality Assurance
Financial Management Reimbursement For Molecular Diagnostics Tests
Some Caveats
Chapter 68. Molecular Diagnostics: Basic Principles And Techniques
Nucleic Acid Biochemistry And Biology
Nucleic Acid Analyses
Relationship To Laboratory Evaluation Of Disease
Chapter 69. Polymerase Chain Reaction And Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology
Target Amplification Methods
Probe And Signal Amplification Methods
Summary
Chapter 70. Hybridization Array Technologies
Array Technologies
Clinical Applications of Array Technology
71. Applications of Cytogenetics in Modern Pathology
Definitions
Cytogenetics
Clinical Applications
Summary
72. Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases
Introduction
Choice of Techniques
Choice of Applications
Special Concepts Unique To Molecular Genetic Disorders
Specific Disease Examples
The New Frontier of Diagnostic Molecular Genetics: Genome-Level Dna Sequencing
Chapter 73. Molecular Genetics of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Current Research and Perspectives
Introduction
Genome-Wide Association Studies
Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Future Directions and Concluding Remarks
Chapter 74. Identity Testing: Use of Dna Analysis In Parentage, Forensic, And Missing Persons Testing
Historical Background
Advantages of Dna
Samples and Specimen Collection
Dna Extraction And Quantification
Genetic Marker Systems and Test Methods
Software Systems
Use of Test Data
Exclusion of Parentage
Inclusion of Parentage
Quality Assurance Standards
Conclusion
Chapter 75. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Overview
Basic Concepts
Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Pharmacogenomics
Drug-Transporter Pharmacogenomics
Drug Target Pharmacogenomics
Human Leukocyte Antigen Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics In Cancer Chemotherapy
Pharmacogenomics in Other Diseases
Conclusion
Part 9. Clinical Pathology of Cancer
Chapter 76. Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Using Serologic and Other Body Fluid Markers
Serum Markers as an Effective Tool For Diagnosis and Monitoring Of Cancer
Functional Classification of Tumor Markers
Clinical Applications
Recommendations for Ordering Tumor Marker Tests
Individual Tumor Markers
Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood
Circulating Nucleic Acids in Peripheral Blood
Markers in Other Body Fluids
Conclusions
Chapter 77. Oncoproteins And Early Tumor Detection
Overview
Oncoproteins In Tumor Detection
Use Of Multiple Protein Markers In The Diagnosis Of Cancer: Proteomics
Evaluation And Conclusions
Chapter 78. Molecular Diagnosis of Hematopoietic Neoplasms
Molecular Diagnosis of Lymphoid Neoplasms
Molecular Diagnosis of Myeloid Neoplasms
Chapter 79. Molecular Genetic Pathology Of Solid Tumors
Molecular Genetic Pathology of Specific Solid Tumors By Major Organ
Molecular Genetic Pathology of Sarcoma
Molecular Genetic Pathology of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Cancers of Unknown Origin
Clinical Application of Next-Generation Sequencing
80. High-Throughput Genomic and Proteomic Technologies in the Postgenomic Era
Overview
The Human Genome Project
High-Throughput Technologies
Molecular Markers For The Diagnosis Of Human Neoplasia
Diagnostic Cancer Applications
Prognostic Molecular Markers Of Disease
Pitfalls of Molecular Markers for both Prognostics and Diagnostics
Emerging Technologies
Conclusion and Future Challenges
Appendix 1. Physiologic Solutions, Buffers, Acid-Base Indicators, Standard Reference Materials, and Temperature Conversions
Appendix 2. Desirable Weights, Body Surface Area, and Body Mass Index
Appendix 3. Approximations of Total Blood Volume
Appendix 4. Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix 5. SI Units
Appendix 6. Common Chimeric Genes Identified in Human Malignancies
Appendix 7. Disease/Organ Panels
Index
Guidelines for Ordering Blood for Elective Surgery

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Richard A. McPherson

Matthew R. Pincus