Handbook of Solid State Diffusion: Volume 2

Handbook of Solid State Diffusion, Volume 2: Diffusion Analysis in Material Applications covers the basic fundamentals, techniques, applications, and latest developments in the area of solid-state diffusion, offering a pedagogical understanding for students, academicians, and development engineers. Both experimental techniques and computational methods find equal importance in the second of this two volume set.

Volume 2 covers practical issues on diffusion phenomena in bulk, thin film, and in nanomaterials. Diffusion related problems and analysis of methods in industrial applications, such as electronic industry, high temperature materials, nuclear materials, and superconductor materials are discussed.

• Presents a handbook with a short mathematical background and detailed examples of concrete applications of the sophisticated methods of analysis
• Enables readers to learn the basic concepts of experimental approaches and the computational methods involved in solid-state diffusion
• Covers bulk, thin film, and nanomaterials
• Introduces the problems and analysis in important materials systems in various applications
• Collates contributions from academic and industrial problems from leading scientists involved in developing key concepts across the globe

Students, academicians, researchers dealing with solid-state diffusion. Scientists and professionals involved in materials for various applications and for the development of new materials

Chapter 1: Diffusion Measurements in Nanostructures

• Abstract
• 1.1. Analytical Solutions
• 1.2. Simulations
• 1.3. Atom Probe Tomography
• 1.4. Atomic Transport Kinetic Measurements
• Conclusion
• References

Chapter 2: Diffusion-Controlled Phase Transformations in Open Systems

• Abstract
• 2.1. General Review of Flux-Driven Transformations
• 2.2. Standard Model of the Simultaneous, Diffusion-Controlled Phase Layers Growth in the Diffusion Couple
• 2.3. Flux-Driven Ripening of Cu6Sn5 Scallops During Reaction of Cu Substrate With Liquid Tin-Based Solder
• 2.4. Flux-Driven Lamellar Precipitation of Cu6Sn5 into Porous Cu3Sn Structure
• 2.5. Flux-Driven Nucleation During Reactive Diffusion
• 2.6. Summary
• References

Chapter 3: Thermodynamic-Kinetic Method on Microstructural Evolutions in Electronics

• Abstract
• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Phase Equilibria
• 3.3. Kinetic Considerations
• 3.4. Thermodynamic-Kinetic Method
• 3.5. Utilization of the T-K Method in Microsystems Technology
• Conclusions
• References

Chapter 4: Microstructural Evolution by Reaction–Diffusion: Bulk, Thin Film, and Nanomaterials

• Abstract
• 4.1. Mathematical Formulations for Estimation of the Diffusion Coefficients Utilizing Physicochemical Model
• 4.2. Estimation of the Diffusion Parameters Following Physicochemical Approach
• 4.3. Evolution of Microstructure Depending on the Location of Kirkendall Marker Plane
• 4.4. A Few Examples of Morphological Evolutions and Indications of Diffusion Rates of Components
• References

Chapter 5: Electromigration in Metallic Materials and Its Role in Whiskering

• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• 5.1. Introduction to Electromigration
• 5.2. Introduction to Whiskering in Tin Coatings
• 5.3. Role of Electromigration in Whiskering
• 5.4. Summary
• References

Chapter 6: Diffusion Couple Technique: A Research Tool in Materials Science

• Abstract
• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Basic Experimental Procedures Used in Diffusion Couple Method
• 6.3. Derivation of Kinetic Data From Diffusion Couple Experiments
• 6.4. The Diffusion Couple Technique in Phase Diagram Determination – Revisited
• 6.5. A Diffusion Couple Approach in Studying Composition–Structure–Property Relationships in Solid Solution Alloy Systems
• References

Chapter 7: Diffusion-Controlled Internal Precipitation Reactions

• Abstract
• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Basic Experimental Procedures Used in Research on Solid-State Internal Reactions
• 7.3. Diversity of Forms and Variations of Microstructures Generated by Internal Precipitation Reactions – Selected Experimental Results
• 7.4. Thermodynamic-Diffusion Kinetics Approach in Evaluating Internal Solid-State Reactions
• 7.5. Kinetic Analysis of the Internal Precipitation Reactions in Binary Alloys
• 7.6. Internal Precipitation Reactions as a “Research Tool” for Evaluating Interstitial Transport in Metals
• 7.7. Deformation Phenomena Accompanying Internal Precipitation Reactions in Metals
• 7.8. Concluding Remarks
• References

Chapter 8: Diffusion in Nuclear Materials

• Abstract
• 8.1. Diffusion in Nuclear Fuels
• 8.2. Diffusion in Clad Materials
• 8.3. Diffusion in Structural Materials
• References

Chapter 9: The Growth of Silicides and Germanides

• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. Experimental Procedure
• 9.3. Growth of Silicides: Bulk Diffusion Couple Versus Thin Film
• 9.4. Mechanisms of Formation of Ni Silicides and Germanides
• 9.5. Alloy Elements
• 9.6. Dopant and Silicide
• 9.7. Formation of Silicide in Transistors
• 9.8. Conclusion
• References