Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres

1 Introduction to the science of fibers
Anthony R. Bunsell
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Units of measure for fibers and their structures
1.3 Fineness and flexibility
1.4 Typical fiber properties
1.5 Statistical nature of fiber properties
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 Testing and characterization of fibers
Anthony R. Bunsell, Sébastien Joann<ES, Alba Marcellan
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Determining fiber dimensions
2.3 From the fiber surface morphology to its internal structure
2.4 Mechanical characterization
2.5 High temperature characterization
2.6 Conclusion
References
Further reading

Part One Animal fibres
3 Properties of wool
Michael G. Huson
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure of wool
3.3 Models and theories of strength
3.4 Methods of measurement
3.5 Tensile failure
3.6 Applications and examples
3.7 Future trends
3.8 Sources of further information and advice
References
4 Physical, chemical, and tensile properties of cashmere, mohair, alpaca, and other rare animal fibers
Bruce A. McGregor
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure
4.3 Tensile properties of fibers and textile products
4.4 Examples based on textile applications
4.5 Sources of further information
References
5 Silk: fibers, films, and compositesdtypes, processing, structure, and mechanics
Philippe Colomban, Vincent Jauzein
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Silk
5.3 Mechanical properties and microstructure
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6 Engineering properties of spider silk
Frank K. Ko, Lynn Y. Wan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure
6.3 Tensile properties and constitutive model
6.4 Other engineering properties
6.5 Engineering properties of man-made spider silk
6.6 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Part Two Plant fibres
7 Tensile properties of cotton fibers: importance, research, and limitations
Yehia Elmogahzy, Ramsis Farag
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The structural integrity of cotton fiber
7.3 The relationship between cotton fiber structure and fiber strength
7.4 Testing methods of the tensile behavior of cotton fibers
7.5 Strength characterization: the stressestrain curve
7.6 Tenacity or specific stress of cotton fibers
7.7 Breaking elongation (strain)
7.8 Stiffness or tensile rigidity of cotton fibers: the elastic modulus
7.9 The yield point
7.10 The toughness of cotton fibers
7.11 Cotton fiber elastic recovery
7.12 Adjustment for moisture content in cotton fiber strength testing
7.13 The harvesting process
7.14 The ginning process
7.15 The spinning preparation process
7.16 The spinning process
7.17 The fiber-to-yarn relationships in the context of the tensile behavior of cotton fibers
References
Further reading
8 Tensile properties of flax fibers
Christophe Baley, Antoine Le Duigou, Claudine Morvan, Alain Bourmaud
8.1 Introduction: general data on flax, culture, and use of flax fibers
8.2 From plant to fibers
8.3 Single flax fiber description
8.4 Tensile mechanical properties of elementary flax fiber
8.5 Remarks on the use of flax fibers in the composite materials
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Hemp, jute, banana, kenaf, ramie, sisal fibers
Manickam Ramesh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plant growth and harvesting techniques
9.3 Plant fiber extraction and separation process
9.4 Treatment and modification of plant fibers
9.5 Plant fibers
9.6 Properties of plant fibers
9.7 Plant fibers as reinforcements in biocomposites
9.8 Future prospects
9.9 Conclusion
References

Part Three Regenerated fibres
10 Regenerated cellulosic fibers
Avinash P. Manian, Tung Pham, Thomas Bechtold
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Manufacturing processes
10.3 Supramolecular structure
10.4 Manufacturing process variables
10.5 Summary
References
11 Structure and behavior of collagen fibers
Frederick H. Silver, Michael Jaffe, Ruchit G. Shah
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Collagen molecular structure
11.3 Supramolecular structure of collagen
11.4 Collagen crosslinking
11.5 Collagen self-assembly
11.6 Viscoelastic behavior of collagen fibers
11.7 Viscoelasticity of self-assembled type I collagen fibers
11.8 Collagen fiber failure
11.9 Nondestructive methods for studying mechanical behavior
of collagen fibers and tissues
11.10 Mechanotransduction
11.11 Conclusions
References
12 The chemistry, manufacture, and tensile behavior of polyamide fibers
Jirí Militký, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Rajesh Mishra
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polyamide types
12.3 Morphology of polyamide fibers
12.4 Production and processing of polyamide fibers
12.5 Tensile properties of polyamide fibers
12.6 Failure mechanisms in polyamide fibers
12.7 Conclusion
References
Further reading
13 Tensile failure of polyester fibers
Jirí Militký
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemistry and production of polyester fibers
13.3 Processing and structure evolution in polyester fibers
13.4 Mechanical behavior of polyester fibers
13.5 Fibers containing naphthalene rings
13.6 Conclusions
References
Further reading
14 Tensile properties of polypropylene fibers
Emmanuel Richaud, Bruno Fayolle, Peter Davies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polypropylene structure and properties
14.3 Polypropylene fiber processing
14.4 Initial tensile properties
14.5 Fiber durability
14.6 Example of PP fiber ropes in service
14.7 Conclusions
References
15 Polyacrylonitrile fibers
Bhupender S. Gupta, Mehdi Afshari
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Preparation of acrylonitrile
15.3 Polymerization of acrylonitrile polymer
15.4 Stereoregularity and chain conformation of polyacrylonitrile
15.5 Acrylic fiber manufacturing
15.6 Structure of acrylic fibers
15.7 Physical properties of acrylic fibers
15.8 Carbon fiber precursor
15.9 Failure mechanisms of acrylic fibers
15.10 Conclusions
References
16 Tensile fatigue of thermoplastic fibers
Anthony R. Bunsell, J. Martin Herrera Ramirez, Christophe Le Clerc
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Principles of tensile fatigue
16.3 The tensile and fatigue failures of thermoplastic textile fibers produced by melt spinning
16.4 Mechanisms involved in fiber fatigue
16.5 Tensile and fatigue failure at elevated temperatures and in structures
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Part Four High performance reinforcing synthetic fibres
17 Liquid crystalline organic fibers and their mechanical behavior
Alessandro Pegoretti, Matteo Traina
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Liquid crystalline aromatic polyamide fibers
17.3 Liquid crystalline aromatic heterocyclic fibers
17.4 Liquid crystalline aromatic copolyester fibers
17.5 Applications and examples
References
18 The manufacture, properties, and applications of high-strength, high-modulus polyethylene fibers
Martin Vlasblom
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Manufacture
18.3 Fiber characteristics
18.4 Properties
18.5 Processing
18.6 Applications
References
19 The structure and properties of glass fibers
Frank R. Jones, Norman T. Huff
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The nature of glass
19.3 Fibre manufacture
19.4 Strength of glass fibers
19.5 Protection of fibers for strength retention
19.6 Recycling of glass fibres
19.7 Summary
References
20 Basalt fibers
Jirí Militký, Rajesh Mishra, Hafsa Jamshaid
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Composition and production of basalt fibers
20.3 Properties of basalt fibers
20.4 Influence of temperature on mechanical behavior of basalt fibers
20.5 Influence of acids and alkalis on mechanical behavior of basalt fibers
20.6 Basalt filaments and fibers in composites
20.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading
21 The properties of carbon fibers
Bradley A. Newcomb, Han G. Chae
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Manufacturing
21.3 Mechanical properties
21.4 Thermal and electrical properties
21.5 Next-generation carbon fibers
References
22 Small-diameter silicon carbide fibers
Anthony R. Bunsell
22.1 Introduction
22.2 First-generation silicon carbide fibers
22.3 Second-generation small-diameter silicon carbide fibers
22.4 Third-generation small-diameter silicon carbide fibers
22.5 Surface coatings on silicon carbide fibers
22.6 Dielectric properties
22.7 Radiation resistance
22.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
23 Continuous oxide fibers
David Wilson
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Sol/gel fiber processing
23.3 Sol-gel chemistry and fiber microstructure
23.4 Comparative properties of oxide fibers
23.5 Fiber strength and properties
23.6 High-temperature fiber properties
23.7 Conclusions and future trends
23.8 Sources of further information
References
24 Fibers made by chemical vapor deposition
Xian Luo, Na Jin
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Boron fibers
24.3 Boron fiber production
24.4 Silicon carbide fiber
24.5 Conclusions
References

Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres, Second Edition introduces tensile properties and failure and testing of fibers, also examining tensile properties and the failure of natural fibers, such as cotton, hemp, flax, agave, wool and silk. Next, the book discusses the tensile properties and failure of synthetic fibers, ranging from polyamide, polyester, polyethylene and carbon fibers. Chapters provide a general background of the fiber, including its manufacture, microstructure, factors that affect tensile properties and methods to improve tensile failure. With its distinguished editor and international contributors, this book is an important reference for fiber scientists, textile technologists, engineers and academics.

• Offers up-to-date coverage of new and advanced materials for the fiber and textile industries
• Reviews structure-property relationships of high-performance natural, synthetic polymer and inorganic fibers
• Offers a range of perspectives on the tensile properties of fibers from an international team of authors with diverse expertise in academic research and in textile development and manufacture

Academics and professionals engaged in research into textile science and technology, particularly fibre scientists and laboratory technicians in textile testing facilities