Handbook of Microscopy

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbbreviations1 Instruments and Techniques 1.1 Basic Principles Light and Colors Image Formation Mechanical Conventions Aberrations Depth of Field Flatness of Field Microscopic Image in Wave Optics Useful Magnification Homogeneous Immersion of Objectives Antireflection Treatment of Optical Surfaces 1.2 Basic Instruments Mechanical Features of the Microscope Use of the microscope Microscopic Observation 1.3 Chief Instrumental Methods Dark Ground Illumination Examination under Reflected Light Infrared Microscopy Ultraviolet Microscopy Pupillary Modulators Interference Microscopes Phase Contrast Polarizing Microscope Study of Anisotropy of Biological Tissues under Polarized Light Fluorescence Microscopy Projection Microscopy 1.4 Recording of Images Photomicrography Photomacrography Illuminating during Photomicrography Colored Filters Color Differences in Emission and Reception Black and White Photography Procedures for Color Photography Balanced Color Compensation Variations and Deficiencies in Color Emulsions Emulsions Exposure Time Measurement of the Exposure Time Development Printing on Paper Classification Transposition of Contrasts Special Effects in Photomicrography Equidensitometry 1.5 Synthesis Stereoscopic Photomicrographs Graphic Reconstructions Solid Reconstructions Cine Reconstructions Cinemicrography Drawing at the Microscope Artifacts 1.6 Measurements Measuring Techniques 1.7 Special Techniques Locating Objects Special Stages and Warmed or Cooled Stages Microscopic Observations under Increased Pressure Automation in Microscopy Microsurgery 1.8 Use of Monochromatic Light Monochromators Spectrographs Spark Microspectroscopes and Emission Spectrography Microphotometers and Microspectrophotometers 1.9 Stereological Microanalysis Counting Morphometry and Stereology Microquantimeters 1.10 Physicochemical Microanalysis Micro-Electrophoresis Cell Thermal Micromethods Microrefractometry Autoradiography Historadiography Spodography 1.11 Microanalysis by Electron Microscopy The Scanning Electron Microscope The Transmission Electron Microscope Ultra High-Voltage Electron Microscopy Ultraviolet Excited Electron Microscopy Proton Microscopy Ion Microscopy 1.12 Microdetermination of Physical Values Microdetermination of Osmotic Pressure Differential Separation Techniques Ultracentrifugation of Cells Determination of Dry Weight of Cellular Constituents Determination of Constituents by Specific Absorption2 Methods of Fixation, Examination, Cutting and Mounting 2.1 Methods of Preparation Test or Reference Preparations Rehydration of Dried Material Preservation Mixtures 2.2 Methods of Fixation The Aims of Fixation Accuracy of Preservation in Fixation Simple Fixatives Fixative Mixtures Time for Fixation Cytological Fixatives Embedding Compatibility Penetration Compatibility of Stains Decalcification Quantity of Fixative Choice Based on the Specimen Stopping Fixation Fixatives for Electron Microscopy 2.3 Methods of Bleaching Demineralization and Softening Softening of Keratin and Chitin Maceration Depigmentation 2.4 Observations of Living Specimens Examination of Living Specimens Vital Staining Methods of Preparation for Examination of Microorganisms In Vivo Equilibrated Media Osmodialysis 2.5 Special Techniques Thin Sections Produced by Polishing Disintegration Techniques Contrast-Enhancing Techniques Drying and Dehydration Dehydration in the Liquid Phase Clearing Agents: Removal of Ethanol Dehydrating Agents Which Can Be Used Immediately before Paraffin Clearing Agents Which Can Be Used between 95% Ethanol and Paraffin 2.6 Embedding Methods Non-Aqueous Media Aqueous Media Embedding in Paraffin Embedding in Celloidin or Collodion Embedding in Epoxy Resins, Methacrylate and Polyesters Embedding in Hydrophilic Media Embedding with Gel-Paraffin Mixtures 2.7 Sections Microtomes Cutting Tools Automatic Honing Equipment Cutting with a Microtome Smoothing and Attachment of Sections Removal of Paraffin before Staining Ultrafine Sections for Transmission Electron Microscopy Preparation of Supporting Membranes for Electron Microscopy Fixation and Preservation of Small Specimens 2.8 Mounting of Preparations Microscopic preparation Media for Temporary observation Permanent Mounting Visibility Indices in the Mounting Media Air-tightness of Cements and Varnishes3 Stains 3.1 Principal Stains Anthraquinones Azines Monoazides Polyazides Cyanines, Quinolines Diazonium, Tetrazonium, Tetrazolium Salts Indulins Nitro-Stains Oxazines Pyrazolones Quinone-Oximes Phthalocyanins Thiazines Triarylmethanes Xanthenes Thiazoles Polymethines Mineral Dyes Natural Pigments Fluorochromes 3.2 Synonyms of the Most Important Stains Glossary of Stains and Dyes4 Staining and Impregnation 4.1 Methodology General Considerations Observations Staining Materials Modes of Action Neutraistains Staining Whole Pieces Negative Stains Infiltration and Injection Automation of Staining 4.2 Applications Non-specific Stains5 Topological Stains 5.1 General Panoptic Methods Staining of Nuclei with Progressive Haematein Lakes Trichromes and Dichromes 5.2 Special Methods in Animal Histology Staining of Blood and Intracellular Parasites Staining of Bony and Cartilaginous Tissues Staining of Muscle Fibers Staining of the Nervous System Bacteriological Stains Staining of Tissues Containing Collagen Staining of Glycogen and Galactogen Staining of Integuments Pigments 5.3 Special Methods in Plant Histology Spores and Cysts Plant Techniques Detection of Parasitic Fungi in Plants Mycological Techniques 5.4 Special Methods in Protistology Techniques of Protistology Amoeba Sporozoa Flagellates Infusoria Spirochaetae 5.5 Mycological Methods in Pathology Zoopathological Techniques 5.6 Observations on Supplementary Techniques Automation of Fixation, Impregnation and Staining Large-Scale Series for Teaching6 Non-specific Cytological Stains 6.1 General Cytology 6.2 Staining of Intracellular Organelles 6.3 Cellular Diagnosis in Cancer 6.4 ConclusionsAppendix I Physicochemical ConstantsBibliographyIndex