Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents

2nd Edition - March 12, 2022
Author: George Wypych
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 7 7 4 6 7 - 0 0 0 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 7 7 4 6 7 - 0 0 1 - 9

Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents, Second Edition includes the most current information on foaming technology, guiding users on the proper selection of formulation, which is… Read more

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Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents, Second Edition includes the most current information on foaming technology, guiding users on the proper selection of formulation, which is highly dependent on the mechanisms of action of blowing agents and foaming agents, as well as dispersion and solubility. The book includes properties of 23 groups of blowing agents and the typical range of technical performance for each group, including general properties, physical-chemical properties, health and safety, environmental impact, and applications in different products and polymers. All information is illustrated by chemical reactions and diagrams.

Chapters in the book look at foaming mechanisms with the use of solid blowing agents, which are decomposed to the gaseous products by application of heat, production of gaseous products by chemical reaction, and foaming by gases and evaporating liquids.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2: CHEMICAL ORIGINS OF BLOWING AGENTS
2.1 ACTIVATORS
2.2 AZODICARBONAMIDE
2.3 CROSSLINKERS
2.4 DINITROSO PENTAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE COMPOUNDS
2.5 DISPERSIONS IN POLYMERS CARRIERS
2.6 FOAMING AGENT MIXTURES WITH OTHER ADDITIVE(S)
2.7 GASES
2.8 HYDRAZIDES
2.9 HYDROCARBONS
2.10 HYDROCHLORCARBON
2.11 HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON
2.12 HYDROFLUOROCARBONS
2.13 HYDROFLUOROOLEFINS
2.14 MASTERBATCHES
2.15 MICROSPHERES
3.16 MIXTURES OF FOAMING AGENTS
2.17 NUCLEATING AGENTS
2.18 PROPRIETARY
2.19 SALTS OF CARBONIC AND POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
2.20 SODIUM BICARBONATE
2.21 SULFONYLSEMICARBAZIDES
2.22 TETRAZOLES
2.23 WATER
Chapter 3: MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF BLOWING AGENTS
3.1 MECHANISMS OF FOAMING BY DECOMPOSING SOLIDS
3.2 PRODUCTION OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY CHEMICAL REACTION
3.3 FOAMING BY GASES AND EVAPORATING LIQUIDS
Chapter 4: DISPERSION AND SOLUBILITY OF BLOWING AGENTS
Chapter 5: PARAMETERS OF FOAM PRODUCTION
5.1 AMOUNT OF BLOWING AGENT
5.2 CLAMPING PRESSURE
5.3 DELAY TIME
5.4 DESORPTION TIME
5.5 DIE PRESSURE
5.6 DIE TEMPERATURE
5.7 GAS CONTENT
5.8 GAS FLOW RATE
5.9 GAS INJECTION LOCATION
5.10 GAS SORPTION AND DESORPTION RATES
5.11 INTERNAL PRESSURE AFTER FOAMING
5.12 MOLD PRESSURE
5.13 MOLD TEMPERATURE
5.14 OPERATIONAL WINDOW
5.15 PLASTISOL VISCOSITY
5.16 SATURATION PRESSURE
5.17 SATURATION TEMPERATURE
5.18 SCREW REVOLUTION SPEED
5.19 SURFACE TENSION
5.20 TIME
5.21 TEMPERATURE
5.22 VOID VOLUME
Chapter 6: FOAM STABILIZATION
Chapter 7: FOAMING EFFICIENCY MEASURES
7.1 CELL SIZE
7.2 CELL DENSITY
7.3 CELL WALL THICKNESS (AVERAGE)
7.4 FOAM DENSITY
7.5 EXPANSION RATIO (BY VOLUME)
7.6 OPEN CELL CONTENT
7.7 VOID FRACTION
Chapter 8: MORPHOLOGY OF FOAMS
8.1 BIMODAL MORPHOLOGY
8.2 CELL DENSITY
8.3 CELL MORPHOLOGY
8.4 CELL SIZE
8.5 CELL WALL THICKNESS
8.6 CLOSED CELL
8.7 CORE & SKIN THICKNESS
8.8 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FOAMS
8.9 OPEN CELL
Chapter 9: FOAMING IN DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS
9.1 BLOWN FILM EXTRUSION
9.2 CALENDERING
9.3 CLAY EXFOLIATION
9.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING
9.5 DEPRESSURIZATION
9.6 EXTRUSION
9.7 FREE FOAMING
9.8 INJECTION MOLDING
9.9 MICROWAVE HEATING
9.10 ROTATIONAL MOLDING
9.11 SOLID-STATE FOAMING
9.12 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID-LADEN PELLET INJECTION MOLDING FOAMING TECHNOLOGY
9.13 THERMOFORMING
9.14 UV LASER
9.15 VACUUM DRYING
9.16 WIRE COATING
Chapter 10: SELECTION OF FOAMING AND BLOWING AGENTS FOR DIFFERENT POLYMERS
10.1 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
10.2 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-ACRYLATE
10.3 BISMALEIMIDE RESIN
10.4 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER
10.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE
10.6 CHITOSAN
10.7 CYANOACRYLATE
10.8 EPOXY
10.9 ETHYLENE CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE
10.10 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE DIENE RUBBER
10.11 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
10.12 FLUORINATED ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
10.13 HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE
10.14 MELAMINE RESIN
10.15 PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
10.16 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-HYDROXYVALERATE)
10.17 POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE)
10.18 POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)
10.19 POLYACRYLONITRILE
10.20 POLYAMIDE
10.21 POLYCARBONATE
10.22 POLYCARBONATE/ABS
10.23 POLYCHLOROPRENE
10.24 POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
10.25 POLYETHERKETONE
10.26 POLYETHERIMIDE
10.27 POLYETHERSULFONE
10.28 PES/PEN BLENDS
10.29 POLYETHYLENE
10.30 POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-OCTENE)
10.31 POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)
10.32 POLYIMIDE
10.33 POLY(LACTIC ACID)
10.34 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
10.35 POLYOXYMETHYLENE
10.36 POLYPROPYLENE
10.37 POLYSTYRENE
10.38 POLYURETHANE
10.39 POLYVINYLALCOHOL
10.40 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
10.41 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE-CO-VINYL ACETATE)
10.42 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE
10.43 NATURAL RUBBER
10.44 STARCH
Chapter 11: ADDITIVES
11.1 ACTIVATORS, ACCELERATORS, AND KICKERS
11.2 CATALYSTS
11.3 CROSSLINKING AGENTS
11.4 CURING AGENTS
11.5 DILUENTS
11.6 EXFOLIATED ADDITIVES
11.7 FIBERS
11.8 FILLERS
11.9 FIRE RETARDANTS
11.10 FOAM STABILIZERS
11.11 NUCLEATING AGENTS
11.12 PLASTICIZERS
11.13 POLYMERIC MODIFIERS
11.14 RETARDERS
11.15 SURFACTANTS
Chapter 12: EFFECT OF FOAMING ON PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMS
12.1 COMPRESSION SET, STRENGTH, AND MODULUS
12.2 CRYSTALLINITY
12.3 DEFORMATION RECOVERY
12.4 DENSITY
12.5 ELASTIC MODULUS
12.6 ELONGATION
12.7 EMI SHIELDING
12.8 EXPANSION RATIO
12.9 FLEXURAL MODULUS
12.10 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE
12.11 IMPACT STRENGTH
12.12 RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY
12.13 RESISTIVITY (ELECTRICAL)
12.14 RHEOLOGY
12.15 SHAPE MEMORY
12.16 SHEAR MODULUS
12.17 SHRINKAGE
12.18 SOUND ABSORPTION
12.19 SURFACE ROUGHNESS
12.20 SURFACE TENSION
12.21 TEAR STRENGTH
12.22 TENSILE MODULUS
12.23 TENSILE STRENGTH
12.24 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Chapter 13: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USEFUL IN FOAMING
13.1 CELL DENSITY
13.2 CELL SIZE
13.3 DENSITY
13.4 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
13.5 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
13.6 OPTICAL EXPANDOMETRY
13.7 POLARIZING OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
13.8 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
13.9 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
13.10 CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPY
13.11 X-RAY ANALYSIS
Chapter 14: HEALTH AND SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOAMING PROCESSES
INDEX

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George Wypych