Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics

Series Page

Preface

1. Overview of Plant Polymers: Resources, Demands, and Sustainability

1.1 Plant Proteins

1.2 Plant Oils

1.3 Plant Starches

1.4 Agricultural Fibers and Cellulose

1.5 Market Potential for Plant Polymers

1.6 Sustainable Agriculture Industry of the Future

1.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

2. Overview of Poly(lactic Acid)

2.1 Background to Biodegradable Polymers

2.2 Market Potential of Biodegradable Polymers and PLA

2.3 General Properties and Applications of PLA

2.4 Environmental Profile of PLA

2.5 Eco-profile of PLA in Mass Production

2.6 Environmental Impact of PLA at the Postconsumer Stage

2.7 Conclusion

References

3. Applications of Poly(lactic Acid)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Poly(lactic Acid) for Domestic Applications

3.3 Poly(lactic Acid) for Engineering and Agricultural Applications

3.4 Poly(lactic Acid) for Biomedical Applications

3.5 Conclusion

References

4. The State of the Art of Polymers from Renewable Resources

4.1 The Context

4.2 Vegetable Resources

4.3 Animal Resources

4.4 Bacterial Polymers

4.5 Conclusions

References

5. Polymeric Biomaterials

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Polymeric Biomaterials in Ophthalmology

5.3 Polymeric Biomaterials in Orthopedics

5.4 Polymeric Biomaterials in Cardiovascular Diseases

5.5 Polymeric Biomaterials for Wound Closure

5.6 Polymeric Biomaterials in Extracorporeal Artificial Organs

5.7 Polymeric Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration

5.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook

References

6. Biodegradable Polymers and Polymer Blends

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers

6.3 Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Renewable Resources

6.4 Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Petroleum

6.5 Biobased Polymers Derived from Plant Oil

6.6 Rosin-Based Epoxy Curing Agents

6.7 Concluding Remarks

References

7. Starch: Major Sources, Properties and Applications as Thermoplastic Materials

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Main Sources of Starch

7.3 Structure of Starch Granules

7.4 Disruption of Starch Granules

7.5 Applications of Starch as a Raw Material for Plastic Production

7.6 Thermoplastic Starch

7.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

8. Cellulose-Based Composites and Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Natural Fibers

8.3 Composites

8.4 Composite Processing

8.5 Composite Properties

8.6 Nanocomposites

8.7 Conclusions

References

9. Synthesis, Properties, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of Polylactic Acid

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Synthesis of PLA

9.3 PLA Properties

9.4 Degradation

9.5 Processing

9.6 Applications

References

10. Compostable Polymer Materials: Definitions, Structures, and Methods of Preparation

10.1 Biodegradable Polymers from Renewable Resources

10.2 Other Compostable Polymers from Renewable Resources

10.3 Biodegradable Polymers from Petrochemical Sources

References

11. Biodegradability Testing of Compostable Polymer Materials

11.1 Definitions Related to Biodegradation Testing

11.2 International Standards Related to Composting

11.3 Principles of Main Standards Related to Composting and Biodegradability Testing

11.4 Composting at Laboratory Scale

11.5 Biodegradability Testing Methods

11.6 Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers from Renewable Resources

11.7 Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers from Petrochemical Sources

11.8 Biodegradation of Blends

11.9 Summary of Composting

References

12. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Elastomers, and Coatings from Plant Oil

12.1 Introduction to Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

12.2 Macroemulsion and Miniemulsion Polymerization

12.3 Polymer Characterization

12.4 Polymer Properties

12.5 Polymer–Solid Adhesion Modification of PSAs

12.6 Bio-Based Elastomers

12.7 Bio-Based Coatings

References

13. Biopolymer Films and Composite Coatings

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Mechanisms of Film Formation

13.3 Obtaining a Well-Matched Coating

13.4 Film-Application Stages and Methods for Testing Films

13.5 Selecting Biopolymers for Specific Applications

13.6 Edible Protective Films

13.7 Novel Products

13.8 Nonfood Gum Coatings

13.9 Next Generation of Edible Films

References

14. Biopolymers in Controlled-Release Delivery Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Drug Loading and Release

14.3 Modeling Diffusion

14.4 Higuchian Model

14.5 Swelling

14.6 Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels

14.7 Equilibrium Swelling and the Flory–Rehner Theory

14.8 Approaches to Cross-Linking

14.9 Glutaraldehyde

14.10 Genipin

14.11 Quinones and Phenols

14.12 Polyelectrolyte Cross-Linking and Complexes

14.13 Polymer–Drug Interactions

14.14 Collagen

14.15 Gelatin

14.16 Chitin and Chitosan

14.17 Celluloses

14.18 Alginates

14.19 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

15. Hydrocolloids and Medicinal Chemistry Applications

15.1 Drug Delivery

15.2 Tissue Engineering

15.3 Future Horizons

Acknowledgments

References

16. Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering Applications

Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Natural Polymers

16.3 Polysaccharides

16.4 Proteins

16.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates

16.6 Future Developments

16.7 Summary

References

17. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

17.3 Scaffold Manufacturing Methods

References

Index