Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides
2nd Edition
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Description
Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Second Edition, is the definitive, indispensable reference for peptide researchers, biochemists, cell and molecular biologists, neuroscientists, pharmacologists, and endocrinologists. Its chapters are designed to be a source for workers in the field and enable researchers working in a specific area to examine related areas outside their expertise.
Peptides play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including actions as neurotransmitters, hormones, and antibiotics. Research has shown their importance in such fields as neuroscience, immunology, pharmacology, and cell biology. The second edition of Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides presents this tremendous body of knowledge in the field of biologically active peptides in one single reference. The section editors and contributors represent some of the most sophisticated and distinguished scientists working in basic sciences and clinical medicine.
Key Features
- Presents all aspects of biologically active peptides in one resource
- Features more than 20 sections spanning plant, bacterial, fungal, venom, and invertebrate peptides to general peptides
- Includes immunological, inflammatory, cancer, vaccine, and neurotrophic peptides
- Discusses peptide precursors, mRNA distribution, processing, and receptors, not just pathophysiological implications
Readership
Peptide researchers, biochemists, cell and molecular biologists, neuroscientists, pharmacologists, and endocrinologists
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface to the 1st Edition
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Section I: Plant Peptides
Chapter 1. CLAVATA3
Discovery
Structure of the peptide
Distribution of the mRNA and peptide
Biological functions
Receptors and signaling cascades
References
Chapter 2. Defense Signal Peptides
Discovery
Systemin
HYPSYS
Plant Elicitor Peptides (Peps)
GMSUBPEP
GMPEP914/890
Inceptins
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. DVL/RTFL
Discovery
Structure of the peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/peptide
Biological function
Receptors and signaling cascades
References
Chapter 4. EPF
Discovery
Structure of the Peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/PEPTIDE
References
Chapter 5. IDA/IDL
Discovery
Structure of the IDA and IDL Peptides
Distribution of the mRNA and Biological Function of the IDA and IDL Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascade of IDA
References
Chapter 6. LUREs
Discovery
Structure of the Peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Biological functions
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
References
Chapter 7. Phytosulfokine
Discovery and Structure of PSK
Biological Function of PSK In Vitro
Expression Pattern and In Vivo Function of PSK
Receptor for PSK and In Planta Function of PSK
PSY1, A Sulfated Glycopeptide Functionally Similar to PSK
References
Chapter 8. POLARIS
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA
Processing
Biological Actions
References
Chapter 9. RALF Peptides
Discovery
Structure of RALF
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Biological Functions
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
References
Chapter 10. Root Meristem Growth Factor
Discovery of RGF
Structure, Expression, and Biological Functions of RGF
Molecular Target of RGF Signaling
References
Chapter 11. ROTUNDIFOLIA4
Discovery
Structure of the Peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Biological Functions
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
References
Chapter 12. SCR
Discovery of SCR
Structure of the precursor mRNA gene
Distribution of the SCR mRNA and the basis of allelic dominance in heterozygotes
Processing of the SCR protein
The SCR receptor: the S-locus receptor kinase (SRK)
Structure of SCR
Biological actions of SCR and SI signaling
The SCR-like (SCRL) gene family in plants
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Stomagen/EPFL9
Discovery
Structure of the Peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Biological Functions
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
References
Chapter 14. TDIF
Discovery
Structure of the peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/peptide
Biological functions
Receptors and signaling cascades
Acknowledgments
References
Section II: Bacterial/Antibiotic Peptides
Chapter 15. Cathelicidins
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Structural Gene
Distribution of Cathelicidins
Processing
Receptors
Information on Active and/or Solution Conformation
Biological Functions
Therapeutic Potential
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16. Class II Non-Lantibiotic Bacteriocins
Background
Non-Lantibiotic Bacteriocins: Properties and Structural Features
Other Non-Lantibiotics but Modified Bacteriocins
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17. Colicins
Discovery and Classification
Colicin, Immunity, and Lysis Proteins
The Domain Concept
Crystal Structures of Colicins (Fig. 1B–E)
Crystal structures of Colicin–Receptor complexes (Fig. 2)
Mechanism of import across the outer membrane (Fig. 3)
Areas of research encompassed by colicin studies
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18. Defensins
Discovery
Structure of Precursor mRNA and Gene
Distribution and Expression of the mRNA
Processing
Receptors
Active Conformation
Biological Actions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19. Lantibiotics
Discovery
Structural lanA genes
Biosynthetic gene clusters
Biosynthesis of the ring structures
Processing
Receptors
Producer self-protection
Information on active and/or solution conformation
Biological activities
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Microcins
Discovery and Classification
Genetic Systems and Biosynthesis
Immunity of Producing Bacteria to Microcins
Receptors and Biological Activities
Structure/Activity Relationships
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 21. Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis
Introduction
Monomer Diversity
Initiation of NRP Assembly
Elongation during NRP Assembly
Termination of NRP Assembly
References
Chapter 22. Peptaibols
Introduction
Characteristic Features of the Peptaibols
Biological Origins and Biosynthesis of Peptaibols
Peptaibol Structures
Functions and Activities of Peptaibols
Acknowledgments
References
Section III: Fungal Peptides
Chapter 23. Antifungal and Antibacterial Peptides of Fungal Origin
Introduction
References
Chapter 24. Fungal Peptides with Ribonuclease and Ribosome Inactivating Activities
Mushroom Ubiquitin-Like Peptides
Mushroom RNases
Fungal Ribonucleolytic Toxins
Mushroom Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs)
References
Chapter 25. Fungal Toxins
Introduction
Structural Features of the Peptidic Fungal Toxins
Biosynthesis of Peptidic Fungal Toxins
Proposed Usage of Fungal Toxins
Antidotes to Fungal Toxins
References
Chapter 26. Plant Antifungal Peptides
Discovery
Three-Dimensional Structures of Plant Antifungal Peptides
Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Plant Antifungal Peptides
Transgenic Plants Expressing Antifungal Peptides from Plants
Conclusions
References
Chapter 27. Polysaccaride Krestin (PSK) and Polysaccharopeptide PSP
Discovery
Strucutre and Chemical Compositions
Biological Acitvities
Other Biological Activities
Conclusions
References
Section IV: Invertebrate Peptides
Chapter 28. AKH/RPCH Peptides
Discovery
AKH Structure
AKH/RPCH Receptors and their Signaling
Biological Actions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29. Allatostatins
Discovery
Structure of Allatostatin Precursors
Distribution of mRNA and Peptides
Peptide Processing
Allatostatin Receptors
Structure Activity and Active Conformations
Biological Actions
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 30. Allatotropin
Isolation and Structure of Allatotropin
The Allatotropin Gene and its Expression
Biological Activity of Allatotropin
The Allatotropin Receptor
References
Chapter 31. B-Type Allatostatins and Sex Peptides
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNAS and Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions
References
Chapter 32. Crustacean Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
Androgenic Gland Hormone (AGH)/Insulin-Related Peptides
Allatostatins (See Chapter 29)
CHH-Superfamily
Corazonin
Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP)
Diuretic Hormone 31
Enkephalins (See Chapter 219)
FMRFamide-Related Peptides (FaRPs) (See Chapter 35)
GAHKNYLRFamide
Kinins (See the Kinin Chapters in this and Other Sections of the Book)
Myosuppressin
Neuropeptide F-related Peptides
Orcokinin and Orcomyotropin
Pigment-Dispersing Hormone (PDH)
Proctolin
Pyrokinin
Red Pigment Concentrating Hormone (RPCH)
Sifamide
Sulfakinins
Tachykinin-Related Peptides
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 33. Developmental Peptides: ETH, Corazonin, and PTTH
Ecdysis-Triggering Hormones
Corazonin
Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
References
Chapter 34. Diuretic/Antidiuretic
Discovery
Structure of Precursor mRNAs and Genes
Distribution of mRNA and Peptides
Peptide Processing
Receptors
Structure–Activity and Active Conformation
Biological Actions
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 35. FMRFamide-Like Peptides (FLPs)
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascade
Biological Actions
References
Chapter 36. Free-Living Nematodes
Introduction
FMRFamide-Like Peptides (FLPS)
Neuropeptide-Like Peptides (NLPs)
Insulins (INSs)
Antimicrobial Peptides
Summary
References
Chapter 37. FXPRLamide (Pyrokinin/PBAN) Family
Introduction
Discovery of the PK/PBAN Family of Peptides: Historical Perspective
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the Peptide/mRNA
Receptors and Signaling Cascade
Signaling Cascade
Biological Actions
The PK/PBAN Peptides Family as Potential Targets for Pest Management
Summary and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 38. Insulin-Like Peptides
Introduction
Characterization of Insect and Invertebrate ILPs
Expression, Processing and Secretion of ILPs
Insulin Signaling
Regulatory Roles of Insulin-Like Peptides
Growth and Development
Ecdysteroid Hormone Production
Metabolism
Reproduction
Diapause
Behavior
Immunity
Aging
Conclusions
References
Chapter 39. Molluscan Bioactive Peptides
Introduction
FMRFAMIDE, FMRFAMIDE-Related Peptides (FARPs)
Insulin-Related Peptides and NPY
Peptides and Feeding Behavior
Peptides and Renal Function
Tachykinin
Peptides and Reproduction
APGWAMIDE
GnRH and Related Peptides
VP/OP
References
Chapter 40. Parasitic Nematode Peptides
Introduction
FMRFAMIDE-like Peptides (FLPS)
Biological Actions of FLPs
Neuropeptide-Like Peptides (NLPS)
Insulin-Like Peptides (INSS)
References
Chapter 41. Pigment Dispersing Factor
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 42. Proctolin
Discovery
Structure of the MRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of MRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascade
Biological Actions
References
Chapter 43. Sulfakinins
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing
Tissue Distribution
Receptors
Biological Actions
References
Chapter 44. Tachykinin Peptides
Discovery
Structure of Precursor mRNAS and Genes
Distribution of mRNA and Peptides
Peptide Processing
Receptors of TKRPs
Structure Activity and Active Conformation
Biological Actions
Concluding Remarks
References
Section V: Amphibian/Skin Peptides
Chapter 45. Bradykinin Peptides
Discovery and Distribution
Biosynthesis of Bradykinin and Related Peptides
Molecular Variants of BK
Biological Activities
References
Chapter 46. Bombesin Peptides
Introduction
Amphibian Bombesins
Amphibian Phyllolitorins
Ranatensin-Like Peptides
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Phylogenetic Considerations and Implications for Additional Mammalian Bombesin-Like Peptides
References
Chapter 47. Bombinins
Bombinins: General Features
Solution Structure
The Gene Structure of BLPs and Bombinins H
Biological Properties (Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Cytolytic Activities)
Bombinins H: Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Activity
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 48. Caeruleins
Introduction
The Caerulein Peptides
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 49. Chromogranins/Secretogranins
Discovery
Structure and Processing of the Precursors
Distribution and Regulation of the mRNAs
Biological Actions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 50. Dermaseptins
The Dermaseptin Superfamily: A Library of Structurally and Functionally Disparate Peptides Originating from a Single Gene Family
The Dermaseptin Superfamily: Gene Duplication, Focal Hypermutation, and Diversifying Selection
Antimicrobial Activities of the Preprodermaseptin-Derived Peptides from South American Hylidae Frogs
Mechanisms of Microbicidal Activity
The Dermaseptins: Multifunctional Host Defense Peptides
References
Chapter 51. Insulin-Releasing Peptides
Introduction
Insulinotropic Peptides from Ranidae
Insulinotropic Peptides from Hylidae
Insulinotropic Peptides from Bombinatoridae
Insulinotropic Peptides from Leptodactylidae
Insulinotropic Peptides from Dicroglossidae
Insulinotropic Peptides from Pipidae
Analogs with Increased Insulin-Releasing Activity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 52. Neurohypophysial Peptides
Discovery
Distribution of AVT and MT
Receptor Structure and Distribution
Major Biological Actions of AVT and MT
Structure and Function of Hydrins
References
Chapter 53. Opioid and Bv8 Peptides
Opioid Peptides
Bv8/Prokineticin Family (Swiss-Prot: Q9PW66)
References
Chapter 54. Sodefrin and Related Pheromones
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA
Processing of the Precursors
Receptors
Structure–Activity Relationships
Biological Actions
Physiological Implications
References
Chapter 55. Tachykinins
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Actions in Amphibians
Actions of Amphibian TKs in their Species of Origin
Actions in Mammals
Pathological Implications
References
Chapter 56. Temporins
Discovery and Distribution
Biosynthesis
Molecular Heterogeneity
Biophysical Properties and Interaction with Membranes
Biological Activities
Potential Clinical and Commercial Applications
Conclusions
References
Section VI: Venom Peptides
Chapter 57. Animal Toxins
Animal Toxins as Candidate Drugs
Animal Toxins in Biotechnological Applications
Maurocalcine, an Animal Toxin that Targets an Intracellular Receptor
Maurocalcine is a Competitive Cell-Penetrating Peptide
The Pharmacological Activity of Maurocalcine is Easy to Neutralize
Maurocalcine Produces Cell Delivery into the Cytoplasm
Maurocalcine has an Excellent Cell Entry/Toxicity Ratio
Maurocalcine is a Stable CPP Vector in Vivo
Maurocalcine Preferentially Targets Some Cell Types and Organs in Vivo
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 58. Hymenoptera Insect Peptides
Introduction
Peptides from the Venoms of Social Hymenoptera
Peptide Toxins from Honey Bee Venom
Peptide Toxins from Bumblebee Venoms
Peptide Toxins from Social Wasp Venoms
Peptides from Ant Venoms
Pathophysiology of Hymenopteran Peptide Toxins
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 59. Scorpion Peptides
Introduction
Mining on Scorpion Venoms
Documented Molecular Diversity
Structural and Functional Types
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 60. Sea Anemone Peptides
Introduction
Sea Anemone Genome
Other Genomics Analyses
New Peptides from Anemones
Structures
Therapeutic Applications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 61. Snail Peptides
Biodiversity of Venomous Molluscs and Discovery of Their Venom Peptides
Discovery of Conotoxins
Precursor Structure, Expression, and Processing: Conotoxin Superfamilies
Definition of Conotoxin Families, Receptor Targets, and Structures
Biological Mechanisms: Therapeutic Applications
Overview of Peptides from Other Venomous Marine Snails
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 62. Snake Peptides
Introduction
Three-Finger Toxins
Protease Inhibitor Homologs
Crotamine-Like Myotoxins
Sarafotoxins
CRISP Family Toxins
Natriuretic Peptides
Disintegrins
C-Type Lectins and Lectin-Like Proteins
Waglerins
Bradykinin-potentiating peptides
AVIT peptides
Cystatins
Cathelicidins
Waprins
Miscellaneous Peptides
References
Chapter 63. Spider Peptides
Introduction
Methodological Approaches in the Isolation of Spider Venom Peptides
Structure of the Precursor Spider Venom Peptide and PostTranslational Processing
Linear Peptides
Disulfide-Rich Peptides
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 64. Targets and Therapeutic Properties
Cardiovascular Diseases
Infection, Immunity, and Oncology
Nervous System
Metabolic and Other Diseases
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 65. Worm Peptides
Introduction
Nemertine Neurotoxins
Nemertine Peptide Cytolysins
Annelid (Glycera) Neurotoxin
Annelid Antibacterial Peptide Toxins
Nematode and Platyhelminth Peptide Cytolysins
Concluding Comments
References
Section VII: Cancer/Anticancer Peptides
Chapter 66. Adrenomedullin
Introduction
Anatomical Sources of AM
Regulatory Pathway that Stimulate AM Expression
AM Induced Cell Growth
AM-Mediated Antiapoptosis
AM-Regulated Cell Migration/Invasion
AM Effects on the Immune Response
AM Stimulates Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis
AM-Targeted Therapies for Cancer
AM, Obesity, Diabetes, and Cancer— Axial Link
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 67. Angiotensin II/Angiotensin-(1–7)
Introduction
Detection of Ang II in Tumor Tissue and Cancer Cell Lines
Ang II Stimulates Cancer Cell Proliferation
Ang II Promotes Tumor Angiogenesis
Effects of Ang II on the Tumor Microenvironment
Ang II Stimulates Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion
Ang II Induced Cancer Cell Signaling
Ang-(1–7) Attenuates Tumor Growth
Ang-(1–7) Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis
Effects of Ang-(1–7) on the Tumor Microenvironment
Ang-(1–7) Clinical Trials
Conclusions
References
Chapter 68. Apelin
Introduction
Role of Apelin in Cancer
Conclusions
References
Chapter 69. Bombesin Peptides
Introduction
Bn-Related Peptides (GRP, NMB)
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 70. Endothelin-1
Endothelin-1
ET-1 Associated Signal Transduction Pathways
ET-1 Expression in Cancer
Endothelin Receptor Expression in Cancer
ET-1 as a Mitogen
ET-1 and Apoptosis
ET-1 and Angiogenesis
ET-1 and Tumor Progression/Metastases
Endothelin Antagonism in vivo
Clinical Trials
References
Chapter 71. Gastrin
Introduction
Expression of Gastrins in Normal Tissue
The Gastrin Receptor(s)
Expression of Gastrin in Tumors
Gastrin as a Tumor Growth Factor
Conclusions
References
Chapter 72. Leptin/Adiponectin
Introduction
Leptin and Cancer
Clinical Evidence of Leptin Related to Cancer
In Vitro Results of Leptin as a Mitogenic Factor
Systemic Regulation of Leptin on Cancer
In Vivo Results of Leptin and Cancer
Adiponectin and Cancer
Clinical Evidence of Adiponectin Related to Cancer
Potential Mechanisms of Adiponectin as a Protective Factor of Cancer
In Vivo Results of Adiponectin and Cancer
Cancer-Related Polymorphisms of Adiponectin and AdipoR1 Genes
Interplay between Leptin and Adiponectin
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 73. LHRH Analogs
Introduction
Receptors for LHRH-I and LHRH-II
Signaling mechanisms from LHRH receptors
Development of Analogs of LHRH
Agonistic Analogs of LHRH-I
Mechanism of Biological Action of LHRH and its Agonists
Applications of Agonists of LHRH-I
Antagonists of LHRH
Targeted Cytotoxic Analogs of LHRH
Mechanism of Action of Cytotoxic LHRH Analogs
Receptors for LHRH on Human Tumors
Antitumor effects of Agonists and Antagonists of LHRH—Experimental and Clinical Findings
Applications of Cytotoxic LHRH Analogs
Clinical trials with AN-152 (AEZS-108) in Men with Prostate Cancer
Breast Cancer
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 74. Orexins (Hypocretins)
Introduction
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Pancreas
Pathophysiological Implications
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 75. Somatostatin/NPY
Introduction
Somatostatin
NPY
References
Chapter 76. VIP/PACAP Receptors
Introduction
VPAC1-R
PAC1-R
Second Messengers
Protein Phosphorylation
Proliferation
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Section VIII: Vaccine Peptides
Chapter 77. Antiadhesin Peptide-Based Vaccines for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Significance and Background
Synthetic Consensus Sequence Peptide-Based Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Vaccines
Conclusions
References
Chapter 78. Lipo-Peptides/Saccharides for Peptide Vaccine Delivery
Introduction
Subunit Vaccines
Lipidation
Glycolipopeptides
Conclusions
References
Chapter 79. Novel Tumor Derived Peptides in Vaccines
Introduction
Antigen Processing and Its Role in Peptide-Based Vaccinology
Mass Spectrometry and the Identification of T-cell Epitopes
Synthetic Peptides as Vaccines
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 80. Peptide Vaccine for Alzheimer’s Disease
Introduction
In vitro modulation of β-amyloid formation
EFRH Phage Elicits Antibodies Against β-Amyloid Peptide
Peptides as Vaccines for the Prevention and/or Reduction of Amyloid Plaques in AD Transgenic Mice
Active Immunization of hAPP Transgenic Mice with EFRH Phage as Peptide Vaccine
Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 81. Peptide Vaccines for Myeloid Leukemias
Introduction
Leukemia-Associated Antigens (LAAs)
Vaccination
Why Peptides?
BCR-ABL Peptide Vaccine
WT1 Peptide Vaccine
PR1 Peptide Vaccine
Combined PR1 and WT1 Peptide Vaccines
RHAMM Peptide Vaccine
Implications and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 82. Peptide Vaccines for Otitis Media
Disease Target
Background of Available Therapies
Why Peptides?
Our Contributions to the Area
Future Outlook
References
Chapter 83. Therapeutic Peptides Targeting HER-2/neu and VEGF Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer
Peptides as Therapeutic Candidates
HER-2 Signaling Pathways, Cancer, and Strategy for the Design of HER-2 Peptide Mimic
VEGF, Cancer, and the Design of VEGF Peptide Inhibitor
Additive/Synergistic Effects of Targeting Both HER-2 and VEGF Pathways in Cancer
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 84. Use of Positional Scanning Libraries to Identify Immunologically Relevant Peptides
Definition of Mixture-Based Libraries
Use of Positional Scanning Libraries to Determine Antibody Specificity
Use of Positional Scanning Libraries for T Cell Epitope Mapping
Use of Positional Scanning Libraries to Identify MHC-Binding Motifs
Conclusions
References
Section IX: Immune/Inflammatory Peptides
Chapter 85. Anaphylatoxins
Historical Perspective and Scope
Precursor mRNA/Gene Structure, Expression, and Regulation of Anaphylatoxins
Generation of C3A and C5A Anaphylatoxins
Structure of Anaphylatoxins
Receptors for Anaphylatoxins
Biological Actions of Anaphylatoxins
Pathophysiological Implications of Anaphylatoxins
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 86. Annexin-A1 Peptide Ac2–26
Discovery
Scope of this Chapter
Discovery of Importance of the N-Terminal Peptide
The Structure of Anx-A1 and Acetyl 2–26
Receptors for Anx-A1 and N-Acetyl 2–26
Biological Properties of the Acetyl-26 Peptide
Structure–Activity Relationships
Summary
References
Chapter 87. Immunoregulatory Neuropeptides
Introduction
Anti-inflammatory Neuropeptides that Regulate the Autoimmune Response
Induction of Immune Tolerance by Generating Regulatory T-Cells
Redundant and Pleiotropic Effects on Immune Homeostasis: A Matter of Receptor Specificity and Signaling
A healthy Immune System Requires a Physiologically Functional Neuropeptide System
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 88. Chemerin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 89. Chemokines
Organization of Chemokines
Structure of Chemokines
Chemokine Receptors
Biology of Chemokines
Chemokines in Host Defense
Chemokines in Inflammatory Diseases
Chemokines as Antimicrobial Peptides
References
Chapter 90. DP IV/CD26 Effector Peptides
Introduction
DP IV/CD26 in the Immune System
DP IV Effector Peptides
Primary DP IV Effector Peptides
Secondary Immunorelevant DP IV peptide substrates
Peptide Inhibitors of DP IV
References
Chapter 91. FPR Ligands
Introduction
Formyl Peptide Receptors (FPRs)
FPR Agonists
Nonpeptides
FPR Antagonists
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 92. Neuroimmune Peptides
Introduction
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 93. Peptide Loading of MHC
Introduction
The MHC Locus
MHC-Class I
MHC-Class II
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 94. Peptide Recognition by T Cells
Introduction
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and Class II Molecules
Characteristics of Peptides Presented by MHC-Class I
Characteristics of Peptides Presented by MHC-Class II
Biological Roles of MHC-Bound Peptides
Autoimmune Diseases
Therapeutic Use of Peptides
Conclusions
References
Chapter 95. RGD Peptides
Discovery of The Antiadhesive RGD Peptides
RGD Peptides in Platelet Aggregation
Biologically Active Conformation of RGD Peptides
RGD Peptides in Immunological Phenomena
RGD Peptides and Pathogen Invasions
RGD Peptides in Other Pathological Phenomena
Perspectives
References
Section X: Brain Peptides
Chapter 96. Apelin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Brain and Pituitary Gland
Peripheral Cardiovascular Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 97. BNP/CNP
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Brain and Pituitary
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 98. CART
Discovery
Structure of the CART Precursor mRNA and CART Gene
Processing of CART Peptides
Distribution of CART mRNA and Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions of CART Peptides within the Brain and Pituitary
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 99. CCK
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of CCK
Processing of the Precursor (see Peptide Biosynthesis/Processing section of this book)
References
Chapter 100. CGRP/Adrenomedullin
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Processing of the Precursor
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Peptide Conformation
Biological Actions within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 101. CRH Family
Discovery
Precursor Gene and cDNA Structure
Distribution and Expression of mRNA
Processing of Preprohormone
Receptors and Binding Proteins
Biological Actions in the Central Nervous System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 102. Endozepines
Discovery
Structure of DBI mRNA/Gene
Processing of the DBI Precursor
Distribution of DBI mRNA and Endozepine Immunoreactivity
Control of Biosynthesis and Release of Endozepines
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Information on Solution Conformation of Endozepines
Biological Actions of Endozepines within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications of Endozepines
References
Chapter 103. Galanin and GALP
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Peptide Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain and Pituitary
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 104. Ghrelin
Discovery
Structure of the Ghrelin Gene, mRNA, and Precursor Protein
Distribution of Ghrelin in the Central Nervous System
Processing of the Ghrelin Precursor
Ghrelin Receptor in the Brain
Biological Actions of Ghrelin Within the Brain
References
Chapter 105. GHRH
Discovery
Structure of the GHRH mRNA/GENE
Processing of the GHRH Precursor
Distribution of the GHRH mRNA/Peptide
GHRH Receptor and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions of GHRH within the Pituitary and The Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 106. GnRH (LHRH)
Discovery And Background
Structure of GnRHs and Their Precursors
GnRH Distribution
Processing of The GnRH Precursor
GnRH Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Physical Structure of GnRH
Biological Actions
Therapeutic Application of GnRH Analogs
Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 107. Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/GENE
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/PEPTIDE
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions on the Pituitary and within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 108. Hypocretins (Orexins)
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA
Processing of the Precursor
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Information on Active and/or Solution Conformation
Biological Actions Within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 109. Kisspeptins
Discovery of the Kiss1 System
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 110. MCH
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Processing of the MCH Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
MCH-R1 Structure and Signaling
MCH-R2 Structure and Signaling
Active Structure of the MCH Peptide and Receptor Conformation
Biological Actions within the Brain (and Pituitary)
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 111. Melanocortins
Discovery
References
Chapter 112. MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1
Conformation
References
Chapter 113. Nesfatin-1
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/GENE
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain (and Pituitary)
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 114. Neuromedin U
Discovery
Structure of NMU mRNA
NMU Distribution and Processing
NMU Receptors
NMU1R
Biological Actions of NMU in the Brain
Comparison of the Biological Actions of NMU and NMS
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 115. Neuropeptide B/W
Introduction
Identification of NPB/W
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 116. Neuropeptide S
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 117. Neurotensin/Neuromedin N
Discovery of Neurotensin
Structure of the Neurotensin/Neuromedin N Precursor mRNA/gene
NT/NMN mRNA Expression in Brain
Processing of the Precursor
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Conformation
Brain Functions
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 118. NPY
Discovery of NPY and Homologs
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Processing of the NPY Precursor
Distribution of NPY mRNA and Protein
Structure of NPY-Like Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 119. PACAP
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 120. Prolactin-Releasing Peptide
Discovery
Structure of the PrRP mRNA/Gene
Processing of the PrRP Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
PrRP Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions of PrRP within the Brain (and Pituitary)
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 121. Relaxins
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Peptide Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Distribution of mRNA/Protein
Biological Actions within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 122. 26RFa
Discovery
Structure of the 26RFa Precursor
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of 26RFa mRNA
Distribution of GPR103 mRNA and Signaling Cascades
Solution Conformation
Structure–Activity Relationships
Biological Actions within the Brain (and Pituitary)
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 123. Secretin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
The Secretin Receptor and its Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain (and Pituitary)
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 124. Somatostatin/Cortistatin
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Genes
Distribution of the mRNAS and Peptides
Processing of the Precursors and Degradation of the Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Information on Active and/or Solution Conformation
Biological Actions within the Brain and Pituitary
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 125. Tachykinins
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Brain
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 126. TRH
Discovery of TRH
Structure of the Precursor mRNA/Gene
Distribution of PreproTRH mRNA and PreproTRH-Derived Peptides
Processing of the TRH Precursor
Distribution of TRH Receptors and the TRH Degrading Enzyme
TRH Receptor Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions of TRH within the Brain and Pituitary
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 127. Urotensin II Peptides
Discovery
Structure
Localization
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within The Central Nervous System
Physiological and Pathophysiological Significance
References
Chapter 128. VIP
Introduction
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Action within the Brain (and Pituitary) and Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 129. VP/OT
Discovery and History
Structure and Regulation of the Precursor mRNAs/Genes (Fig. 1)
Processing of the Precursors (Fig. 2),
Distribution of VP and OT Producing Cells; Sites of Release (Figs. 3 and 4)
Receptors for VP and OT; Signaling Cascades (Fig. 5)
Biological Actions
Physiological and Pathological Implications (See Chapters in Cardiovascular and Renal Peptides Section of the Book)
References
Section XI: Endocrine Peptides
Chapter 130. Adiponectin
Discovery
The Adiponectin Gene and Protein Structure
Production of Adiponectin
Adiponectin Receptors
Adiponectin Signaling
Adiponectin and Energy Homeostasis
Adiponectin and Obesity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 131. Adrenomedullin Peptides
Introduction
Pituitary
Adrenals
Endocrine Pancreas
Diffuse Endocrine System of the Gut
Other Endocrine Organs
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 132. Ghrelin
Introduction
Ghrelin System in the Pituitary
Ghrelin System and Thyroid Gland
Ghrelin System in the Parathyroid Gland
Ghrelin System in the Testis and Ovary
Ghrelin System in the Pancreatic Islets
Ghrelin System in the Adrenal Gland
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 133. Leptin
Introduction
Regulation of Pancreatic B-cell Functions by Leptin
Role of Leptin in Regulating Thyroid Functions
Leptin and the Reproductive System
Regulation of Adrenal Glands by Leptin
Conclusions
References
Chapter 134. ANP
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA Gene
Processing
Release of NPs
Receptors and Signaling Cascade
Biological Activities of NPs
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 135. Neuromedins U/S
Introduction
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreatic Islets
Adrenal Gland
Testis
Ovary
Conclusions
References
Chapter 136. Neuropeptide B/W
Introduction
Neuroendocrine Function of NPB/NPW
Endocrine Function of NPB/W
Regulation of Feeding and Energy Metabolism by NPW
Antihyperalgesic Effect of NPB/W
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 137. Orexins
Overview of the Structure of Orexins and its Receptors
Adipose Tissue
Gastrointestinal Tract
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Adrenal Glands
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
Testes and Ovaries
PANCREATIC ISLETS
Energy Expenditure
Physiological Implications
Conclusions
References
Chapter 138. PACAP
Introduction
Effects on the Pituitary Gland
Effects on the Thyroid Gland
Effects of PACAP on the Endocrine Testis and Ovary
Effects of PACAP on the ADRENAL GLAND
Effects of PACAP on Pancreatic Islets
References
Section XII: Ingestive Peptides
Chapter 139. Adiponectin/Resistin
Adiponectin and Energy Homeostasis
Rodent versus Human Resistin
Resistin and Energy Homeostasis
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 140. Amylin/CGRP
Introduction
Receptors for Amylin and CGRP Action
Characterization of the Effects of Amylin and CGRP on Eating as Satiating Hormone
Amylin as an Adiposity Signal
Eating in Knockout Animals
Eating in Animals Overexpressing Amylin
Eating in Animals Deficient of CGRP or Overexpressing CGRP
Energy Expenditure as Affected by Amylin and CGRP
Energy Metabolism in Animals with Increased Amylin or CGRP Signaling Propensity
Regulation of Amylin and CGRP Synthesis and Secretion in Lean and Obese Individuals
Central Pathways Mediating the Anorectic Effects of Amylin and CGRP
Phenotype of Amylin Responsive Neurons in The AP
Intracellular Signaling Pathways in AP Neurons Activated by Amylin
Projections of AP neurons implicated in amylin’s and CGRP’s effects and hypothalamic involvement in the anorectic action of peripheral amylin.,
Site of CGRP Action
Forebrain Effects of Amylin
Forebrain Effects of CGRP
Interaction Between Amylin and Estradiol
Short-term Interaction with Other Hormones Controlling Ingestive Behavior
Interaction Between Amylin and Leptin
Role of the VMH in the Leptin and Amylin Interaction
Interaction between Amylin and Metabolites
Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications
Summary
References
Chapter 141. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV/apoE
Introduction
Regulation of apo A-IV and apoE Production
Peripheral and Neural Networks and Signaling Pathways Affected
References
Chapter 142. Bombesin
Background
Peripheral Effects of BN-like Peptides on Food Intake
Central Effects of BN-like Peptides on Food Intake
Neural Pathways Mediating the Effects of BN-like Peptides
Contribution of BN Receptor Subtypes to Food Intake Using Genetically Modified Mice
BN-like Peptides/Receptors and Energy Homeostasis
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
References
Chapter 143. CART
Introduction
Effects on Feeding Behavior
Studies from Genetically Modified Organisms
Functional Responses in Different Metabolic States
Neural Networks Involved
Receptors and Signaling Pathways
Interactions with Other Systems
Pathophysiological Implications
Physiological Overview
References
Chapter 144. CCK
Introduction
CCK as a Gut Peptide
Feeding Inhibitory Actions of Peripheral CCK
Feeding Inhibitory Actions of Endogenous CCK
Sites of Action for Peripheral CCK in Satiety
CCK-Induced Control of Vagal Afferent Gene Expression
Functional Responses to Peripheral CCK in Differing Metabolic States
Summary
References
Chapter 145. CRH
Introduction
Brain Distribution of CRH, Urocortins, and CRH Receptor
CRH, Urocortins, and Energy Balance Regulation
CRH and Stress-Induced Anorexia
CRH and Stress-Induced Obesity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 146. Enterostatin
The Discovery of Enterostatin
Chemistry of Enterostatin and Tissue Distribution
The Receptor for Enterostatin
Mechanism of Enterostatin in the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight Regulation
Effects of Enterostatin Other than Feeding Effects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 147. Galanin
Introduction
Effects of Galanin Injection on Ingestive Behavior
Genetic Manipulation of Galanin
Effects of Ingestive Behavior on Galanin
Role of Galanin Receptors
Effects of Hormones on Galanin
Interactions Between Galanin and Other Orexigenic Transmitters
Close Relationship Between Galanin and Circulating Lipids
Role of Inflammation in Increased Galanin
Clinical Support
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 148. Ghrelin
Ghrelin Regulates Feeding Behavior Across Species
The Growth Hormone SECRETAGOG Receptor GHSR-1a Mediates Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake
Ghrelin Targets the Hypothalamus to Regulate Feeding
Ghrelin Targets Intracellular Fuel-Sensing Pathways in Hypothalamic Neurons to Control Feeding
Ghrelin Targets Extra-Hypothalamic Areas to Regulate Feeding
Ghrelin Targets Visceral Afferents to Regulate Feeding
Peripheral Ghrelin Levels are Regulated by Feeding and Nutritional Status
References
Chapter 149. GLP-1
General
Peripheral GLP-1
Endogenous Peripheral GLP-1
Central Nervous System GLP-1
GLP-1 in Obesity Therapy
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 150. Glucagon
Introduction
Glucagon and the Glucagon Receptor
Glucagon Secretion
Physiological Effects
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Use
References
Chapter 151. Insulin
Introduction
Glucoregulatory Actions of Insulin
Insulin Actions
Insulin Secretion
Insulin and the Brain
Insulin and the ARC
Interaction of Brain Insulin with Gut Hormones
Pathophysiologic Implications of Brain Insulin Dysfunction
Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References
Chapter 152. Leptin
Leptin and Feeding Behavior
The Absence of Leptin Action
Leptin production and the Control of Circulating Leptin
Leptin Receptors
Sites of Leptin Action
LEPR-B Signaling Pathways and the Control of Energy Balance
“Leptin Resistance” and Cellular Mechanisms That Impair LEPR-B Signaling
References
Chapter 153. Melanocortins
The Melanocortin System
Ingestive Behavior in Humans with Mutations in the MC System
Ingestive Behavior in Rodent Models with Disruption of MC4R Function
Ingestive Behavior in Rodent Models with Disruption of MC3R Function
Ingestive Behavior in Rodent Models with Disruption of AGRP Function
Ingestive Behavior in Rodent Models with Disruption of POMC Function
Pharmacological Studies with MCR Ligands Modulating Ingestive Behavior
Brain Sites where MC Receptor Signaling Affects Ingestive Behavior
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 154. NPY
NPY and the Central Regulation of Food Intake
Neuropeptide Y and Feeding
NPY in the ARC Nucleus
Peripheral Signaling Involved in the Regulation of Food Intake in the ARC
NPY Receptors in the ARC
The Role of NPY in the DMN
NPY Action in the PVN
NPY actions in VMN
NPY action in the LHA
NPY and Feeding Behavior
Insight from Genetic ModelS
Regulation of NPY Receptors in Feeding Behavior
Conclusions
References
Chapter 155. Opioids
Effects of Opioids on Feeding Behavior
Studies from Genetic Manipulations or Mutations
Functional Response of Opioids to Metabolic and Feeding States
Opioid Ligands and Receptors: Sites of Action and Neural Networks Affected
Interactions with Other Neurochemical Systems
Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications
Conclusions
References
Chapter 156. Orexin
Introduction
Orexin
Lateral Hypothalamus
Mesolimbic System
Orexin and Mesolimbic System
Orexin Targets
Orexin and the Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus
OREXIN AND Metabolic Status
Orexin Regulation by Feeding Peptides
References
Chapter 157. PYY
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Receptors
Regulation of PYY Secretion
Biological Actions of PYY
Pathophysiological Implications
PYY Levels after Gastric Bypass surgery
Acknowledgments
References
Section XIII: Gastrointestinal Peptides
Chapter 158. Adrenomedullin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 159. Angiogenic Growth Factors
Introduction
Angiogenesis in Chronic GI Ulcer Development and Healing
Angiogenic Growth Factors and GI Ulcer Healing
Summary
References
Chapter 160. Apelin
Discovery
Structure of the Apelin mRNA/Gene, Precursor Processing
Apelin Distribution
Signaling Cascades
GI and Pancreatic Actions of Apelin
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 161. Bombesin-Related Peptides
Discovery (Bn Peptides and Their Receptors)
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the RNA/Peptide
Receptors and Their Signal Cascades
Biological Actions of Bn Peptides within the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Pathophysiological Implications of Bn Peptides within the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Pathophysiological Implications of Bn Peptides in Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers
Possible Treatments Directed at Bn Peptides and/or Their Receptors Growth Effects on Tumors
Possible Use of Bn Receptor Overexpression/Ectopic Expression by Tumors for Imaging/Tumor Localization
Possible Use of Bn Receptor Overexpression/Ectopic Expression by Tumors for Molecular Targeting of Cytotoxic Agents
Serum Levels of Bn Peptides as Tumor Markers
Other Possible Bn Peptide Pathophysiological Implications in Nonneoplastic Diseases
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 162. CCK
History
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 163. CGRP
Discovery and Structure of mRNA Gene
Distribution of mRNA/Peptide and Receptors
Biological Actions within Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 164. Galanin
Discovery
Structure of the Gene and Processing of the Precursor
Distributions of Galanin
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 165. Gastrin
Discovery
Structure of the Gene/mRNA
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 166. GIP
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 167. Ghrelin
Discovery
Structure of the Gene/mRNA/Peptide
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Therapeutic Potential
References
Chapter 168. GLP 1/2, Enteroglucagon, Glicentin, and Oxyntomodulin
Discovery, Structure of the Gene, and Processing of the Precursor
Expression of the Gene/Distribution of the Gene/Secretion
Active Conformation and Metabolism
Receptor Expression
Biological Actions
Actions of GLP-1
Actions of GLP-2
Actions of Oxyntomodulin and Glicentin
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 169. Leptin
Introduction
The Stomach Produces Leptin
Gastric Leptin is a Neuroendocrine Molecule for Satiety
Gastric Leptin Enters the Intestine
Leptin Regulates Intestinal Endocrine Secretions
Gut Leptin and Intestinal Absorption of Nutrients
Leptin and Gut Pathologies
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 170. Motilin
Discovery of Motilin
Structure of Motilin and Related Peptides
Gene structure and posttranslational processing
Distribution in the GI Tract
Receptor and Structure Activity
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implication
References
Chapter 171. Neurotensin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Summary
References
Chapter 172. Nesfatin-1
Discovery, Structure, and Processing
Central and Peripheral Satiety Action of Nesfatin-1
Distribution and Biological Action of Nesfatin-1 in the GI Tract
Pathophysiological Implication
Perspective
References
Chapter 173. Obestatin
Obestatin Discovery
Processing from the Ghrelin Gene to Obestatin
Obestatin Distribution
Obestatin and GPR39
Pathophysiological Implications
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 174. Opioids
Discovery of Opioid Peptides and Receptors
Structure of the mRNA/Gene and Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 175. PACAP
Introduction
Cloning and Characterization of PAC1
Receptor Binding and Intracellular Signaling Characteristics of PAC1
Role of PACAP in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Role of PACAP in Thermogenesis, Obesity, and Appetite
Role of PACAP in the Immune System
Conclusions
References
Chapter 176. Pancreatic Polypeptide
Discovery
Structure of the Gene and Protein
Processing of PreproPP and PP
Distribution and Secretion of PP
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 177. Paneth Cell α-Defensins
Discovery of Paneth Cell α-defensins
Defensin Gene and Precursor Structures
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 178. PYY
Discovery
Structure of Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Regulation of Secretion
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 179. Secretin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 180. Somatostatin
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution and Release
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 181. Tachykinins
Discovery of Tachykinins in the Gut
Distribution of Tachykinin mRNAs and Peptides in the GI Tract
Tachykinin Receptor Subtypes, Signaling, and Distribution in the GI Tract
Biological Actions of Tachykinins in the Gut
Pathophysiological Implications of Tachykinins in the GI Tract
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 182. TFF Peptides
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 183. Urocortins
Discovery of Urocortins
Urocortin Genes and Precursor Structures
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Distribution of Urocortins in the GI Tract
Biological Actions within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 184. VIP
Discovery
Structure of the Gene and Processing of the Precursor
Distribution in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Receptors and their Signaling Pathways
Biological Action Within the Gastrointestinal Tract
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Section XIV: Cardiovascular Peptides
Chapter 185. Adrenomedullin Peptides
Discovery and the Peptide Sequence of AM and Related Peptides
Structure of the mRNA/Gene and Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide and AM Circulating in the Blood Stream
Receptor and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 186. Angiotensin II Peptides
Discovery
Structure of the Peptides and Component of RAS
Distribution of RAS, Processing, and Endogenous Form in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and their Distribution in the Cardiovascular System
Biological Actions and Pathophysiological Implication in the Cardiovascular System
References
Chapter 187. Apelin
The Apelin–APJ System
Distribution within the Cardiovascular System
Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions in the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 188. Bradykinin Peptides
Discovery
Structure of Kininogen mRNA and Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of Kininogen and Kallikrein mRNA, and Kinin Peptides
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 189. CGRP
Discovery
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 190. Endothelins
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Their Distribution
Biological Actions within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 191. Ghrelin
Introduction
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Regulation of Plasma Ghrelin Concentration
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
Conclusions
References
Chapter 192. Natriuretic Peptides
Discovery of Natriuretic Peptides (NPs)
Structure of the NP mRNAs/Genes
Processing of the NP Precursors
Distribution of the NP mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
NP Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions of NPs in the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications of NPs
References
Chapter 193. Salusins
Discovery
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 194. Urocortins
Discovery
Structure of Urocortins mRNA/Gene
Processing of Precursor Peptides
Distribution of Urocortins mRNA and Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions Within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 195. Urotensin Peptides
Discovery
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide in the Cardiovascular System
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Biological Actions within the Cardiovascular System
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 196. VIP
Introduction
Discovery
Distribution
Processing
Receptors
Biological Actions
Pathophysiology
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 197. VP/OT
Discovery
Peptide Structure
Biological Activity
Receptors
Pathophysiological Implications in the Cardiovascular System
OT and AVP in Cardiomyogenesis
References
Section XV: Renal Peptides
Chapter 198. Adrenomedullin 2/Intermedin
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mRNA and Gene
Distribution of mRNA
Processing of Precursor
Receptors and Signaling Cascade
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 199. ANP
Discovery of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Actions in the Kidney
Effects of ANP on Tubular Transport Systems
References
Chapter 200. Endothelin
Basic Components of the Endothelin System
Localization of the ET-1 System in the Kidney
Renal Hemodynamic Effects of ET-1
ET-1 Control of Excretory Function
Renal ET-1 in Hypertension
ET and Kidney Disease
Conclusions
References
Chapter 201. Neurohypophyseal Peptides
Brief History and Overview of the Neurohypophyseal Peptides
Body Fluid Homeostasis
Vasopressin and Oxytocin Receptors
Localization of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Receptors in the Kidney
Renal Effects of Vasopressin
Renal Effects of Oxytocin
References
Chapter 202. Peptides, Sex, Diabetes, and the Kidney
Introduction
Etiology of Diabetic Nephropathy
Peptide Regulation of Renal Function in the Diabetic Kidney
Estrogen–Peptide Interactions in the Diabetic Kidney
Androgen–Peptide Interactions in the Diabetic Kidney
Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 203. Prolactin
Classical production site and actions of prolactin
Prolactin Receptors
Prolactin and Osmoregulation
Prolactin Receptors in the Mammalian Kidney
Renal Production of Prolactin
Renal Actions of Prolactin
The Jury is Still Out on the Renal Actions of Prolactin
Have Transgene Methods Clarified the Issue?
References
Chapter 204. Renin–Angiotensin System
Introduction
Distribution of Angiotensinogen, Renin, (Pro)renin Receptors, Angiotensin Converting Enzymes, and Ang Type 1 Receptors in the Kidney
Intrarenal Levels of Angiotensin II
Biological Actions of Intrarenal Ang II
Concluding Comments and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Section XVI: Respiratory Peptides
Chapter 205. Adrenomedullin
Introduction
AM Expression and Clearance in the Lung
AM in Models of Acute Lung Inflammation
AM and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
AM and Chronic Lung Disease
AM—Mode of Action in the Lung
Conclusions
References
Chapter 206. Endothelin-1
Introduction
Endothelin Genes, Cellular Distribution, Synthesis, Receptors, and Regulation
Airway Diseases
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Lung Transplantation and Rejection
Pulmonary Malignancies
Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Conclusions
References
Chapter 207. Kinin Receptors
Introduction
Kinins
Kinin Receptors
Kinin Receptors Expression
Role of Kinin Receptors in Airways
Contribution of Immune Cells to Airway Inflammation Induced by Kinin Receptors
Kinin Receptors in Lung Fibrosis and Airway Tissue Remodeling
Kinin Receptors in Lung Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke Exposure
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 208. PACAP
Discovery, Structure, and Synthesis of PACAP
PACAP Receptors and Signaling
Biological Actions and Pathological Implications
Conclusions
References
Chapter 209. VIP
How Was VIP Discovered?
VIP Is a Member of a Family of Peptides
Tissue Distribution and Cellular Localization
Colocalization with Other Peptides and Neurotransmitters
Biological Actions in the Lung
Receptors and Signal Transduction Pathways
Physiological Roles
VIP in the Pathogenesis and Modulation of Pulmonary Disease
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
References
Section XVII: Opiate Peptides
Chapter 210. Antiopioid Peptides
Introduction
Regulation of Opioid Analgesia by CCK
CCK Gene Expression in Response to Opioid Analgesia
The Role of CCK in the Development and Maintenance of Chronic Pain
CCK Release in Response to Opioid Analgesia
CCK–Opioid Interactions in Physiological Functions Other than Pain
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for CCK–Opioid Interactions
CCK as Mediator of Other Peptides with ANTIOPIOID Effect
Regulation of Opioid Analgesia by NPFF
Regulation of Opioid Analgesia by Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ
Regulation of µ-Opioid Systems by MIF-1, TYR-MIF-1, and TYR-W-MIF-1
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 211. Casomorphins/Hemorphins
Introduction
Discovery of the β-Casomorphins and the Hemorphins
The Formation of β-Casomorphins and Hemorphins
Receptor Selectivity and Its Modulation
Biological Actions and Functional Relevance of the β-Casomorphins and Hemorphins
Implication of β-Casomorphins and Hemorphins in Pathophysiolgy
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 212. Endomorphins
Discovery of Endomorphins
Distribution of the Endomorphins in the Central Nervous System
Receptor Selectivity and Its Modulation
Biological Actions of Endomorphins
Pathophysiological Implications of Endomorphins
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 213. Evolution of the Opioid System
Peptide Family
Receptors
Evolution Of The Opioid System
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 214. Exorphins
Opioid Peptides Derived from Plant Proteins
Opioid Peptides Derived from Animal Proteins (see the Hemorphins/Casomorphins Chapter in This Section of the Book)
Intraprotein Opioid Sequence
Classification of Exorphins According to Their Structure
Opioid Antagonist and Antiopioid Peptide Derived from Proteins
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 215. Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ
The Discovery of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ
The N/OFQ Peptide
The NOP Receptor
Pharmacological and Genetic Tools
Biological Actions
Therapeutic Potential of NOP Receptor Ligands
References
Chapter 216. Opioid-Substance P Chimeric Peptides
Introduction
CrossInteraction of Tachykinin and Opioid Systems
Tachykinin Antagonist–Opioid Agonist Chimeric Compounds
Tachykinin Agonist–Opioid Agonist Chimeric Compounds
Conclusions
References
Chapter 217. POMC-Derived Opioid Peptides
History
Structure of β-Endorphin
Location and Mechanism of Action
Function
β-Endorphin and Mu Receptor Functions
β-Endorphin and Obesity
β-Endorphin as a Neuromodulator of the Cardiovascular System
β-Endorphin and the Immune System
Miscellaneous Roles of β-Endorphin
Summary
References
Chapter 218. Prodynorphin-Derived Peptides
Discovery
Structure of the Precursor mrna/Gene
Processing
Receptors
Conformational Analysis of Dyn A(1–17)
Dynorphin Expression in the Central Nervous System and Possible Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
Drug Abuse and Dynorphins
Dynorphin Expression in Peripheral Tissues
Perspective
References
Chapter 219. Proenkephalin-Derived Peptides
Discovery of the Enkephalins
Structure of the Precursor Gene
Distribution of Enkephalin mrna and Peptide
Processing
Receptors
Biological Activity of Enkephalins
Pathophysiological Implications
Clinical Studies With Ogf
References
Section XVIII: Neurotrophic Peptides
Chapter 220. Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP) and Davunetide (NAP)
Discovery and Structure of ADNP and Davunetide (NAP)
The ADNP Gene
ADNP Expression
ADNP Interacting Proteins
ADNP Biological Actions
The ADNP-Derived Neuroprotective Peptide NAP: Biological Actions and Microtubule Connection
Cytoskeleton Protection, In Vitro
Cytoskeleton Protection, In Vivo
Broad Neuroprotective Scope
General Consideration for Microtubule Protection
Clinical Progress
Working Hypothesis and Future Perspectives
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 221. Erythropoietin
Discovery and Structure of Epo
The Epo Gene
Distribution of Epo and Epo mRNA
Processing of Epo
The Epo Receptor
Epo Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 222. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1
Discovery
Structure of Precursor mrna/Gene
Distribution of the mrna
Processing
Receptors
Active and/or Solution Conformation
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 223. Neuregulins
Discovery and Structure
Distribution and Processing
Receptors
Biological Actions
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References
Chapter 224. Neurotrophins
Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor
Structure of the mRNA/Gene
Distribution of the mRNA
Conformation
Receptors—Binding Sites
TrkA and p75 Receptors—Structure
Trk Receptor Signaling
p75 Receptor Signaling
Neurotrophins—Retrograde Transport
Neurotrophins—Physiological Role and Roles in Pathology
Clinical Prospects
References
Chapter 225. TGF-β
Discovery
Structure of the RNA/Gene
Processing of the Precursor
Receptors and Signaling Cascades
Distribution of the mRNA/Peptide
Biological Actions
Pathophysiological Implications of TGF-β
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Section XIX: Blood–Brain Peptides
Chapter 226. Augurin and Ecrg4-derived Neuropeptides
Introduction
Discovery of Preponderant Expression of Augurin in Choroid Plexus
Exploring Physiologic Roles for Augurin
CSF as a Circulatory Link between CP and Brain
Peptide Traffic through the Blood–CSF Barrier vs. Blood–Brain Barrier
CSF-Peptide-mediated Homeostatic Responses in CNS Pathophysiology
Elements of an Injury Response Feedback Loop
Level of Augurin Peptide Expression and Degree of NPC Mitosis in TBI
Titrating SVZ Proliferation by Altering Augurin in the CP–CSF–Ependymal Nexus
Augurin Release: Relation to Autocrine vs. Endocrine Homeostatic Mechanisms
Conclusions
References
Chapter 227. Diseases Mediated by the BBB: Alzheimer’s, Obesity, and Beyond
Introduction
Leptin and Obesity
Amyloid β Protein Efflux and Alzheimer’s Disease
Methionine Enkephalin and Alcohol Withdrawal
GLUT-1 Deficiency Syndrome
Insulin Resistance in Sepsis
Summary
References
Chapter 228. Hypothalamic Neuropeptides
Introduction
TRH
GnRH
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
Somatostatin
PACAP
References
Chapter 229. Ingestive Peptides
Introduction
Insulin
Leptin
Ghrelin
Other Ingestive Peptides and Proteins: Special Interactions with the BBB
Actions Other than Feeding
Summary
References
Chapter 230. Neurotrophic Peptides
Introduction
Resolution of Myths about Peptides and their CNS Effects: In Vivo and In Vitro Methodologies
Binding Proteins that Affect the Stability and Permeation Kinetics: Intravenous Delivery vs In Situ Brain Perfusion
Presence of Receptors at the Apical or Basolateral Surface of the BBB: Useful or Not for Peptide Transport?
Adsorptive Endocytosis and Chemical Modifications that Enhance Delivery across the BBB
The Intracellular Trafficking of Peptides that Leads to Exocytosis
Specific Examples of the Pharmacokinetics of BBB Permeation
The Situation of the Partially Disrupted BBB and Selective Regulation of the Transport System in Pathophysiology
Enhanced Delivery of Neurotrophic Peptides: How it Affects Neuroregeneration
Summary
References
Chapter 231. Oligopeptide and Peptide-Like Drug Transport
Introduction
Blood–Brain Barriers: General Properties
Oligopeptide Transport at the BBB
Peptidases at the BBB
Oligopeptide Transporters at the Choroid Plexus
Peptidases at the Choroid Plexus
Peptide and Peptide-Like Drug Transport at the BCSFB
Regulation of Peptide Transport
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 232. Opioid Peptides
Introduction
Stability
Transport
BBB and Disease, Will It Change Opioid Peptide Delivery?
Conclusions
References
Chapter 233. Peptide Delivery
Introduction
Models to Study Brain Delivery of Peptides
Methods to Improve Paracellular Peptide Delivery Through the BBB
Formation of Cyclic Peptides to Improve Transcellular Delivery Through the BBB
Improving Enzymatic Stability
Targeting Saturable Transport Systems in the BBB to Improve Delivery into the CNS
Use of Receptor-Mediated Drug Transport to Improve Peptide Delivery into the Brain
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Section XX: Peptide Biosynthesis/Processing
Chapter 234. Acetylation
Acetylation of Bioactive Peptides
Acetyl Transferases
Distribution and Localization of Peptide Acetyl Transferase Activity
Pathophysiology of Acetylated and Nonacetylated α-MSH and β-Endorphin
Conclusions
References
Chapter 235. Carboxypeptidases E and D
Name and History
Function in Peptide Biosynthesis
General Properties
Substrate Specificity and Regulation of Activity
Distribution/Localization
Pathophysiological Implications
Later Findings
References
Chapter 236. Disulfide Bond Formation
Introduction
The Concept of Secretory Pathway Catalysis of Disulfide Bond Formation
Transfer of Reducing Equivalents from the ER Lumen to the Cytosol
Proper Disulfide Bond Formation in the Secretory Pathway may also Include Disulfide Reduction and Isomerization
The Family of PDI-like ER Oxidoreductases
Selective Activities of Oxidoreductases within the ER Environment
Oxidation of Specific Bioactive Peptide Substrates within the ER: the Case of Proinsulin
Conclusions
References
Chapter 237. Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT)
Introduction
Name and History of GOAT
Functions of GOAT in Ghrelin Processing
Properties
Stimulation of GOAT
Substrate Specificity of GOAT
Regulation of Activity
Pathophysiological Implications
References
Chapter 238. Glutaminyl Cyclases
N-Terminal pGlu-Modification of Peptides and Proteins
Glutaminyl Cyclases
References
Chapter 239. In Silico Search for Biologically Active Peptides
Background of GPCR Deorphanization
Prediction of Bioactive Peptides: Biosynthetic Pathway of Bioactive Peptides and the Empirical Cleavage Rules
Prediction of Bioactive Peptide Candidates
Perspectives
References
Chapter 240. New Mass Spectrometric Approaches for Uncovering Neuropeptides
Introduction
MS-Based Neuropeptide Discovery
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 241. Peptide Degradation (Neprilysin and Other Regulatory Peptidases)
Introduction
Neutral Endopeptidase (Neprilysin) Family
The ACE Family (ACE and ACE-2)
Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (Insulysin, IDE)
Proline-Directed Peptidases
Conclusions
References
Chapter 242. Peptidomics of Mice Lacking Peptide Processing Enzymes
Introduction
Quantitative Peptidomic Techniques
CPE-deficient Mice
PC Knockout Mice
Conclusions
References
Chapter 243. Peptidomics Strategy for Discovering Endogenous Biologically Active Peptides
Mass Spectrometry in Endogenous Peptide Research
Peptidomic Identification and Biological Validation of Novel C-Terminally Amidated Peptides: Neuroendocrine Regulatory Peptides (NERPs)
Elucidating Precursor Cleavage Sites by Secretopeptidome Analysis
A Universal Peptidomics Strategy for Discovering Endogenous Biologically Active Peptides
Focused Secretopeptidome Mining: Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptide AMP-IBP5
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 244. Peptidylglycine Amidating Monoxygenase (PAM)
Name and History
Function of PAM in Peptide Biosynthesis
Properties of the PHM Domain of PAM
Properties of the PAL Domain of PAM
The PAM Gene
Regulation of PAM Activity
Distribution/Localization: Biosynthetic and Endocytic Trafficking of PAM
Inhibitors of Amidation
Pathophysiological Implications
Later Findings
References
Chapter 245. Prohormone Convertase 1/3
Discovery and General Features of PC1/3
Peptide Biosynthesis and Processing: PC1/3 Function
Properties of PC1/3
Distribution/Localization
Pathophysiological Implications of PC1/3 Variants
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 246. Prohormone Convertase 2
Discovery and General Features Of PC2
PC2 Function in Peptide Biosynthesis and Processing
Properties Of PC2
Distribution/Localization Of PC2
Pathophysiological Implications of PC2 and 7B2 Variants and Null Animals
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 247. Proprotein Convertase Furin and Proprotein Convertase PC5/6
Discovery and Nomenclature
Functions in Peptide Biosynthesis/Processing
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 248. Proprotein Convertases PC4, PACE4, and PC7
Discovery and Nomenclature
Functions in Polypeptide Biosynthesis/Processing
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 249. Proprotein Convertases SKI-1/S1P and PCSK9
Discovery and Nomenclature
Functions in Polypeptide Biosynthesis/Processing
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 250. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases
Function in Cellular Synthesis and Processing of Peptides
Enzyme Properties
Distribution
Patophysiological Implications
Immunochemical and Diagnostic Implications
Additional Findings
References
Section XXI: General Peptide Topics
Chapter 251. Classical Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides
Some Historical Notes on Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptide Research—The Beginnings
Neuropeptides at Karolinska
Neurotransmitter Storage—Synaptic Versus Dense Core Vesicles
Neurotransmitter Coexistence
Plasticity in Neuropeptide Expression
Neuropeptide Receptors
Neuropeptide Receptors and Drug Development
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 252. Evolution in Action: Skin Peptides
Introduction
Agnatha
Elasmobranchii
Teleostei
Amphibia
Conclusions
References
Chapter 253. Peptide Chronomics
Preamble
Introduction
Avoiding Blunders
Chronomics Spawned by Chronobiology Maps Dynamics
Endpoints
Susceptibility Rhythms
Atlas
Beginnings of Opportunistic Mapping along the Scale of Years
Chronomics in Men
Chronomics in Women
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 254. Peptides and Behavior
Introduction
General Features of Peptide Modulation of Behavior
Peptide Modulation of Specific Behaviors
Consummatory Behavior
Peptide Therapeutics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 255. Peptides and Sleep
Introduction
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Somatotropic (HPS) System
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenocortical System
Corticotropin
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid System
Other Peptides
Orexins/Hypocretins
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 256. Peptides and Stress
Introduction
The “Stress” Concept
CRH
Neuropeptide Y
Evidence for Interactions between CRH and NPY Systems
Urocortins
Substance P
Neuropeptide S
Arginine Vasopressin
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 257. Peptides and Temperature
Introduction
Body Temperature and Its Regulation
Participants of Energy Balance Regulation
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 258. Pheromone Peptides
Introduction
Bacterial Pheromone Peptides
Fungal Pheromone Peptides
Ciliates
Mollusk Pheromone Peptides
Annelid Pheromone Peptides
Arthropod Pheromone Peptides
Vertebrate Pheromone Peptides
Summary
References
Chapter 259. Prebiotic Peptides
Introduction
The Primitive Earth Scenario
The Formation of Amino Acids
The Formation of Peptides
A ‘Peptide World’ as the Origin of Life?
References
Chapter 260. Viral Fusion Peptides
Introduction
Methods to Analyze Fusion Peptide Structure and Function
Fusion Peptides in Retroviruses
Fusion Peptides in Paramyxoviruses
Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Color Plates
Details
- No. of pages:
- 2032
- Language:
- English
- Copyright:
- © Academic Press 2013
- Published:
- 26th January 2013
- Imprint:
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
- 9780123850966
- Hardcover ISBN:
- 9780123850959
About the Editor

Abba Kastin
Affiliations and Expertise
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Reviews
"This extensive volume, containing 260 contributions divided into twenty-one sections, is presented by editor Kastin… Most chapters discuss families of proteins, although some target individual peptides. The first several sections cover peptides important to plants, bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, amphibians, and animal venom. The remainder addresses peptides in systems relevant to human physiology,…"--ProtoView.com, February 2014
"This edition has been updated to present recent advances in the field and edited to enforce uniformity in style…No other currently available book thoroughly covers such a wide array of areas related to peptide research in a single, all-encompassing volume. This should be regarded as an essential and invaluable reference for all with an interest in biologically active peptides, from novice researchers to accomplished scientists." Rating: 5 Stars--Doody.com, January 17, 2014
"This extensive volume, containing 260 contributions divided into twenty-one sections, is presented by editor Kastin… Most chapters discuss families of proteins, although some target individual peptides. The first several sections cover peptides important to plants, bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, amphibians, and animal venom…The last two sections touch on peptide synthesis, processing, and newer research in the field."--Reference & Research Book News, December 2013
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