Green-Emitting Luminescent Materials

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2.1. Incandescence
1.2.2. Luminescence and physical processes taking place during luminescence
1.3. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
1.3.1. Fluorescence
1.3.2. Principle of fluorescence process
1.3.3. Three Basic Laws of Fluorescence
1.3.4. Advantage of Flurometric Analysis
1.3.4.1. Hight Sensitivity
1.3.5. Phosphorescence
1.3.6. Radiationless transitions
1.4. Luminescence:
1.5. Green Luminescence in Rare-Earth Elements (REE)
1.6. Emission and Excitation mechanism of Phosphor
1.6.1. Introduction
1.6.2. Luminescence Mechanism
1.6.3. Centre Luminescence
1.7. Phosphors
1.7.1. Properties associated with phosphors
1.7.1.1. Notation
1.7.1.2. Quantum Efficiency
1.7.1.3. Application of Luminescence
1.8 Colour conversion of phosphors in lamps and LED industry
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Metal oxide phosphors for Hg and other lamps
1.8.3 Disadvantages of existing LEDs
1.8.4 Metal oxide phosphors available for lamp & LED application
1.8.5 lamp phosphor and White LED technology
1.9 .Phosphors in the display industry
1.9.1. Introduction
1.9.2. Vacuum fluorescent display
1.9.3. Field Emission Display
1.9.4. Plasma display
1.9.5. Electroluminescence display
1.9.6. Flat panel display
1.10. Optoelectronic / photonic devices
1.10.1. Introduction
1.10.2. Lasers and Optical Amplifiers
1.10.3. Photo Detectors
1.10.4. Image Sensors
1.10.5. Modulators and demodulators
1.10.6. Multiplexers and demultiplexers
1.10.7. Special Waveguides
1.10.8. Anti reflection coatings and Dielectric Mirrors
1.10.9. Quantum well Devices
1.11. Marking and detection
1.11. 1. Introduction
1.11. 2. Nano formulated sizes for bio marking
1.11. 3. IR and UV Detection
1.11. 4. Laser Detection
1.11. 5. X-ray and ionizing radiation detection
1.11.6. Finger print detection
1.8. Green Emitting Phosphors based upon rare-earth/transition metal activator ions
1.9. Diversified applications of Green emitting phosphors
1.10. Thermoluminescence
1.10.1. Fundamental Aspects of Thermoluminescence
1.10.2. Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD) Phosphor
1.11. Origin, Objectives and Scope
References

Chapter 2: Experimental and Characterization Techniques
2.1. Introduction
2.2. 2.2.1 Sample Preparation Methods and Calculations
2.2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Synthesis Techniques of Phosphor Materials
2.3.1. Solid State Reaction Method
2.3.1.1. Condition for Solid state reaction method
2.3.1.2. Advantage of solid state reaction method
2.3.1.3. Drawbacks of solid state reaction method
2.3.2. Combustion synthesis
2.3.2.1. Merits of Combustion Synthesis
2.3.3. Wet Chemical Synthesis
2.3.4. Precipitation Methods
2.4. Lowering the synthesis temperature
2.5. Effect of Temperature
2.6. The Laboratory set up for synthesis
2.7. Characterization of synthesized phosphor
2.7.1. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)
2.7.2. Determination of Phase, Crystalinity by XRD technique
2.7.3. Working Principle: Bragg’s Law
2.7.4. Instrumentation
2.7.5. Technical specification of Philips PANalytical X-pert pro Diffractometer
2.7.6. JCPDS/ICDD Data base
2.77. Scanning Electroin Microscopy (SEM)
2.7.7.1. Working Principle
2.7.7.2. Instrumentation
2.8. Spectroflurometer
2.8.1. Working Principle
2.8.2. Instrumentation
2.9. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
2.9.1. Principle of FTIR
2.9.2. Optical system of FTIR
2.9.3. Application of IR spectra
2.10. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.10.1. Specifications of Transmission Electron Microscope
2.11. Thermal Analysis
2.11.1 Differential Thermal Analysis
2.11.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.11.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.12. Some Definitions Concerning Temperature
2.13. Chromaticity Coordinates
References.

Chapter 3: Synthesis of Mal₁₂O₁₉: RE^3+/2+ ( RE= Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ ) and (where, M= Sr, Ba and Ca) Green Emitting phosphors
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Combustion synthesis and photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ activated CaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.2.1. Experimental Details
3.2.2. Result and Discussions
3.2.2.1. Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of CaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.2.2.2. Photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated CaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.2.2.3. Photoluminescence properties of Eu²⁺ activated CaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.2.2.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ ion in CaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.2.2.5. Stokes shift
3.2.2.6. Chromatic properties
3.2.2.7. Kinetic Parameter
3.2.2.8. Conclusions.
3.3. Synthesis and photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺, Eu²⁺ activated BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.1. Experimental Details
3.3.2. Results and discussion
3.3.2.1. Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.2.4. Photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.2.5. Photoluminescence properties of Eu²⁺ activated BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.2.6. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ ion in BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.2.7. Stokes shift
3.3.2.8. Kinetic Parameter
3.3.2.9. Chromatic Properties
3.3.2.10. Conclusions
3.4. Synthesis and photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ activated SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor .
3.4.1. Experimental Details
3.4.2. Results and discussion
3.4.2.1. Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of BaAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.4.2.2. Photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor .
3.4.2.3. Photoluminescence properties of Eu²⁺ activated SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor .
3.4.2.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ ion in SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphor
3.3.2.5. Stokes shift
3.3.2.6. Kinetic Parameter
3.3.2.7. Chromatic properties
3.3.2.8. Conclusions
References

Chapter 4: Synthesis of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu³⁺ and Dy³⁺) activated BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇, Sr₂MgAl₁₆O₂₇ and MgPbAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphors .
4.1 Introduction
4.2. Photoluminescence studies of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu²⁺)activated BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphor .
4.1.1 Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphor
4.1.2.1. Photoluminescence investigations of Tb³⁺ activated BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphor
4.1.2.2. Photoluminescence investigations of Eu²⁺ activated BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphor
4.1.2.3. Emission intensities w.r.t. concentration of Tb³⁺ , Eu²⁺ ion in host lattice
4.1.2.4 . Kinetic Parameter
4.1.2.5. Chromatic Properties
4.1.2.6. Conclusions.
4.3 Photoluminescence studies of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu²⁺) activated Sr₂MgAl₁₆O₂₇ phosphor by combustion synthesis .
4.3.1. Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of Sr₂MgAl₁₆O₂₇ phosphor
4.3.1.1. Photoluminescence properties of Sr₂MgAl₁₆O₂₇:Tb³⁺ phosphor
4.3.1.2. Photoluminescence properties of Sr₂MgAl₁₆O₂₇:Eu²⁺ phosphor
4.3.1.3.Emission intensities w.r.t. concentration of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu²⁺) ion in host lattice.
4.3.1.4. Kinetic Parameter
4.3.1.5. Conclusions
4.4. Photoluminescence studies of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu²⁺) activated MgPbAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphors .
4.4.1. Structural, Compositional, and Morphostructural Characterizations of MgPbAl₁₀O₁₇ phosphors
4.4.1.2. Photoluminescence properties of MgPbAl₁₀O₁₇:Tb³⁺ phosphors
4.4.1.3. Photoluminescence properties of MgPbAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ phosphors
4.4.1.4. Emission intensities w.r.t. concentration of RE³⁺(RE=Tb³⁺,Eu²⁺) ion in host lattice.
4.4.1.5. Kinetic Parameter
4.4.1.6.Chromaticity Coordinates
4.4.1.7. Conclusions.
References

Chapter 5: Photoluminescence characterization of RE (Tb³⁺) activated Borate based phosphors
Introduction
5.1. Photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ activated Sr₂BO₃Cl borate based phosphor for solid state lighting
5.1.1. Experimental Details
5.1.2. Results and Discussion
5.1.2.1. X-ray diffraction pattern and surface morphology and FTIR of Sr₂BO₃Cl phosphor host lattice
5.1.2.2. Surface Morphology of Sr₂BO₃Cl phosphor
5.1.2.3. FTIR Analysis
5.1.3. Photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated Sr₂BO₃Cl phosphor
5.1.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ ion in Sr₂BO₃Cl phosphor
5.1.5. Kinetic Parameter
5.1.6. Chromatic Properties of Sr₂BO₃Cl:Tb³⁺ phosphor
5.1.7. Conclusions.
5.2. Photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ activated LiBO₂ borate based phosphor for solid state lighting.
5.2.1. Experimental Details
5.2.2. Result and Discussions
5.2.2.1. X ray diffraction, surface morphology of LiBO₂ phosphor
5.2.2.2. SEM of LiBO₂ phosphor
5.2.3. Photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated LiBO₂ phosphor
5.2.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ ion in LiBO₂ phosphor
5.2.5. Kinetic Parameter
5.2.6. Chromatic properties of LiBO₂ :Tb³⁺ phosphor
5.2.7. Conclusions
5.3 Photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ activated Sr₂B₂O₅ borate based phosphor for solid state lighting.
5.3.1. Experimental Details
5.3.2. Result and Discussion
5.3.2.1. X ray diffraction, surface morphology of Sr₂B₂O₅ phosphor host lattice
5.3.2.2. SEM micrograph of Sr₂B₂O₅ phosphor
5.3.2.3. FTIR of Sr₂B₂O₅ phosphor
5.3.3. Photoluminescence properties of Sr₂B₂O₅ :Tb³⁺ phosphor.
5.3.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ ion in Sr₂B₂O₅ phosphor
5.3.5. Kinetic Parameter
5.3.6. Chromaticity Coordinates
5.3.7. Conclusions
5.4. Photoluminescence studies of Tb³⁺ activated SrB₄O₇ borate based phosphor for solid state lighting.
5.4.1. Experimental Details
5.4.2. Result and Discussions
5.4.2.1. X ray diffraction pattern , SEM of SrB₄O₇ phosphor
5.4.2.2. SEM of SrB₄O₇ phosphor
5.4.2.3. FTIR of SrB₄O₇ phosphor
5.4.3. Photoluminescence properties of SrB₄O₇:Tb³⁺ phosphor
5.4.4. Relation between Emission intensity & concentration of Tb³⁺ ion in SrB₄O₇ phosphor
5.4.5. Kinetic Parameter
5.4.6. Chromaticity Nature
5.4.7. Conclusions

Chapter 6: Photoluminescence Study of Tb³⁺ doped Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂, LiSiO₃ and ZrO₂ ,Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor .
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties Tb³⁺ activated Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor .
6.2.1. Experimental details
6.2.1.1. Synthesis of Tb³⁺ doped Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor
6.2.2. Results and discussion
6.2.2.1. X-ray diffraction pattern and structural behavior of Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor
6.2.2.2. SEM characterization of Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor
6.2.2.3. FTIR spectra of Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor
6.2.2.4. Photoluminescence characterization of Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor
6.2.2.4.1. Photoluminescence investigation of Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ :Tb³⁺ phosphor
6.2.2.4.2. Photoluminescence investigation of Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ :Tb³⁺ phosphor
6.2.2.4.3. Photoluminescence investigation of Ca₂Al₃O₆F :Tb³⁺ phosphor
6.2.2.4.4. Emission intensities w r to conc of Tb³⁺ in Ba₂Sr₂Al₂O₇ , Ca₂Al₃O₆F, Ca₃Al₂O₅Cl₂ phosphor.
6.2.2.4.5. Study of Kinetic Parameter
6.2.2.4.6. Chromaticity Nature
6.2.2.4.7. Conclusions
6.3. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated LiSiO₃ phosphor .
6.3.1. Experimental Details
6.3.1.1. Synthesis of Tb³⁺ doped LiSiO₃ phosphor
6.3.1.2 Result and Discussions
6.3.1.2.1. X ray diffraction pattern and structural behavior of LiSiO₃ phosphor
6.3.1.2.2. Morphostructural Characterizations of LiSiO₃ phosphor
6.3.1.3. Photoluminescence characterization
6.3.1.3.1. Tb³⁺ Luminescence in LiSiO₃ phosphor
6.3.1.4. Study of Kinetic Parameter
6.3.1.5. Chromatic properties
6.4. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Tb³⁺ activated ZrO₂ and Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor .
6.4.1. Experimental Details
6.4.1.1. Synthesis of Tb³⁺ doped ZrO₂ and Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor
6.4.2. Result and Discussions
6.4.2.1. X ray diffraction pattern and structural behavior of ZrO₂ and Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor
6.4.2.2. Morphostructural Characterizations of ZrO₂ and Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor
6.4.3 Photoluminescence Characterization
6.4.3.1. Photoluminescence investigation of ZrO₂ :Tb³⁺ phosphor
6.4.3.2. Photoluminescence investigation of Li₂MgZrO₄:Tb³⁺ phosphor
6.4.3.3. Emission Intensities w.r.t. conc. of Tb³⁺ in ZrO₂ and Li₂MgZrO₄ phosphor
6.4.4. Kinetic parameter
6.4.5. Chromaticity Nature
6.4.6. Conclusions
References

Chapter 7: Mn⁴⁺ Green emitting phosphor for plant cultivation
7.1.1. Experimental Details
7.2.1. Synthesis of Mn⁴⁺doped phosphor for plant cultivation
7.3.1 Result and Discussions
7.3.1.1 X ray diffraction pattern and structural behavior of
7.3.1.1.2. Morphostructural Characterizations
7.3.1.1.3. Photoluminescence characterization
7.3.1.1.4. Mn⁴⁺ Luminescence
7.3.1.1.5. Study of Kinetic Parameter
7.3.1.1.6. Chromatic properties