Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers, Volume 60

Foreword

Preface

Series Editor's Preface

Summary

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Petroleum Geology

Chapter 3 Petroleum geophysics

Chapter 4 Petrophysics

Chapter 5 Geostatistics

Chapter 6 Reservoir Characterization

Chapter 7 Reservoir Monitoring

Chapter 8 Geophysics in Drilling

Chapter 9 Geophysics for Unconventional Resources

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the Book

1.2 Geoscience Disciplines

1.3 Geoengineering Concept

1.4 Integration of Disciplines

1.5 Continuous Measurements in Intelligent Field

1.6 Petroleum Geology

1.7 Formation Evaluation—Petrophysics

1.8 Geostatistics

1.9 Reservoir Characterization

1.10 Reservoir Monitoring

1.11 Geophysics in Drilling

1.12 Geophysics for Unconventional Resources

References

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Formation of Organic Matter

2.3 Origin of Petroleum

2.4 Occurrence of Petroleum Systems

2.5 Sedimentation and Deformation Process

2.6 Geologic Times

2.7 Petroleum Reservoirs

2.8 Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

2.9 Petroleum Traps

2.10 Traps Associated with Fracture Networks

2.11 Reservoir Rocks

2.12 The Role of a Geologist

2.13 The Role of Geophysics

2.14 Exploration and Appraisal Wells

References

Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Petroleum Geophysics

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Geophysical Techniques

3.3 Inversion of Geophysical Data

3.4 Seismic Reflection Technique

3.5 Seismic Wave Propagation and Attenuation

3.6 Seismic Data Acquisition

3.7 Seismic Data Processing

3.8 Seismic Resolution

3.9 Seismic Modeling

3.10 Seismic Attributes

3.11 Spectral Decomposition

3.12 Absorption

3.13 Similarity/Coherency/Curvature

3.14 Amplitude Variations with Offset

3.15 Multicomponent Seismic Technique

3.16 Vertical Seismic Profile

3.17 Crosswell Seismic

3.18 Gravity Techniques

3.19 Magnetic Technique

3.20 Electrical and EM Surveys

3.21 Crosswell EM

References

Chapter 4. Formation Evaluation

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Well Logging Tools

References

Chapter 5. Geostatistics and Other Unconventional Statistical Methods

Abstract

5.1 Overview

5.2 Conventional Geostatistical Methods

5.3 Unconventional Statistical Methods

5.4 Artificial Neural Networks

5.5 Fuzzy Logic

5.6 Permeability Prediction from Logs

5.7 Genetic Algorithms

5.8 Integration of SC Methods with Each Other and Conventional Geostatistical Methods

References

Chapter 6. Reservoir Characterization

Abstract

Introduction

6.1 Overview

6.2 SURE Challenge

6.3 Integration of the Disciplines

6.4 Geophysics in Reservoir Characterization

6.5 Unproven Reserves

6.6 Unconventional Resource Assessment

References

Chapter 7. Reservoir Monitoring

Abstract

Summary

7.1 Time-Lapse Geophysics

7.2 4D Seismic

7.3 Evolution of 4D Seismic Monitoring

7.4 Gravity Data for Fluid Monitoring

7.5 Gravity Method for EOR Monitoring

7.6 Monitoring CO2 Sequestration and EOR Monitoring

7.7 A 4D Seismic Case History from Ghawar Oil Field

7.8 Seismic Monitoring Challenge in Arab-D

7.9 Feasibility Study

7.10 Methodology

7.11 Permanent Reservoir Monitoring

References

Further Reading

Chapter 8. Geophysics in Drilling

Abstract

8.1 Seismic Delineation of Structural Disruptions: Faults, Fractures, and Sinkholes

8.2 Highly Porous Formations

8.3 Mechanically Weak Rock Layers

8.4 Subsurface Caverns

8.5 Geophysical Prediction of Overpressured Zones

8.6 Shallow Gas and Shallow Overpressure

8.7 Deep Geopressure

8.8 Construction Hazards

8.9 Hazards in Marine Environment

8.10 Looking “Ahead” and “Away” from the Bit

8.11 Horizontal Drilling and Geosteering

8.12 Geosteering in Wells

8.13 Gulf Geosteering Case Study

8.14 SWD/MWD/LWD Tools

8.15 Seismic While Drilling

8.16 Real-Time Monitoring of Drilling Process

8.17 Looking Ahead and Around a Horizontal Well

8.18 Looking Above and Below a Horizontal Well

References

Chapter 9. Geophysics for Unconventional Resources

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Geophysical Data Contribution to Unconventional Reservoirs

9.3 Rock Properties for Unconventional Resource Development

9.4 Seismic Inversion for Rock Properties

9.5 Amplitude Variation with Angle and aZimuth

9.6 Seismic Anisotropy for Fracture Detection

9.7 Microseismic and Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring

9.8 Microseismic Monitoring Case Study

9.9 Integration of Geophysical Tools for Unconventional Resources Development

9.10 Calculating Stimulated Reservoir Volume Based on Deformation

9.11 Integrated Approach for Fracture Zone Characterization

9.12 Quantifying the Risks Associated with Induced Seismicity

References

Index

Geophysics for Petroleum Engineers focuses on the applications of geophysics in addressing petroleum engineering problems. It explores the complementary features of geophysical techniques in better understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring reservoirs.

This book introduces engineers to geophysical methods so that they can communicate with geophysicist colleagues and appreciate the benefits of their work. These chapters describe fundamentals of geophysical techniques, their physical bases, their applications and limitations, as well as possible pitfalls in their misuse. Case study examples illustrate the integration of geophysical data with various other data types for predicting and describing reservoir rocks and fluid properties. The examples come from all over the world, with several case histories from the fields in the Middle East.

• Introduces geophysical methods to engineers
• Helps understanding, characterizing, producing and monitoring of geophysical techniques
• Updates the changing needs of reservoir engineering

Geophysicists, geophysical engineers and petroleum engineers