Geochemical Studies
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Geochemical Studies is a collection of papers dealing with ore petrology, particularly on the genesis of ores found in sediments. One paper describes the minor elements in metal deposits in sedimentary rocks, focusing on geochemical work on certain classes of ores in sediments and on the theories of origin of the deposits. With better techniques of microprobe analysis of trace elements, the paper notes that ore deposits in sedimentary rocks can be characterized by their minor element suites. One paper points out that large ore deposits cannot possibly be formed by a migration of substances (known as "negative" diffusion). The paper estimates that the quantities of material that can be accumulated in a sediment horizon with a great affinity for these materials, say in a period of one billion years, will still not be sufficient to produce a large ore deposit. The paper estimates the necessary diffusion coefficients that occur in deep structures, where increased mobilities of various substances occur. Geologists, geochemists, and engineers working with fossil fuels will find the collection highly significant.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Minor Elements in Metal Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks - A Review of the Recent Literature
Introduction
Classification of Deposits
Minor-Element Data Compilation
Stratabound Galena-Shalerite in Carbonates
Stratiform Massive Sulphide Deposits
Stratabound Cu-U-V Deposits in Arenaceous Rocks
Significance of Minor Elements
Discussion of Ore Genesis
Stratabound Lead-Zinc in Carbonates
Stratiform Massive Sulphides
Metal Deposits in Argillaceous Rocks
Stratabound Cu-U-V Deposits in Arenaceous Rocks
Modern Metalliferous Sediments
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2. Principles of Diffusion in Sedimentary Systems
Introduction
Theory of Diffusion
Facets of Diffusion in Sediments and Solid Systems
Free Path
Interface Surface Action, Viscosity and Zeta Potential
Temperature
Pressure
Compaction
Diffusion and Side Reactions
Diffusion in Solid Media
Field Observations as Related to Diffusion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks
Introduction
Hydrodynamics
Hydrochemistry
Applications
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4. Fluid-Inclusion Evidence on the Genesis of Ores in Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks
Introduction
Literature Sources
Assumptions on which Fluid-Inclusion Data are Based
Classification of Inclusions
Laboratory Technique
Sample Selection
Cutting and Polishing
Choice of Inclusions and Problems in Microscopy
Heating Stages and their Operation
Cooling Stages
Types of Data Available - Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits
Density
Rate of Movement
Pressure
Temperature
Gross Salinity
pH
Noncondensable Gases and Organic Matter
Isotopic Ratios
Nonvolatile Ions (i.e., "Salts") in Solution
Comparison of Fluid-Inclusion Data from Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits with those from Magmatic Hydrothermal Deposits
Data from Other than Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits
Suggestions for Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5. The Significance of Organic Matter in Ore Genesis
Introduction
Concentration of Metals
Metal-Organic Compounds
Physical Adsorption
Chemical Precipitation
Generation of Sulphide
Stages of Sedimentary Ore Formation
Laboratory Studies
Artificial Diagenesis
Isolation of Organic Matter in Ores
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Microbiological Processes in Relation to Ore Genesis
Introduction
Accumulation of Mineral-Forming Elements
Modification of Physico-Chemical Environment
Generation of Organic Matter
Transformation by Metabolism
Sulphide Mineralization
Mineral Synthesis by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria
Pyritic Framboids
Isotopic Evidence
Sulphur Deposits
Phosphorite Deposits
Biological Precipitation of Manganese
Microbial Precipitation of Iron
Concluding Remarks
Note Added in Proof
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7. Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Ore Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks
Introduction
Environmental Abundances of 13C and 18O
18O and 13C in Hydrothermal Systems
Theoretical Considerations
Oxygen-18, 195 -Carbon-13, 198 18O in Active Geothermal Systems
18O in Gangue Minerals and Mineralizing Fluids
13C in Carbonate Gangue Minerals
18O and 13C as a Guide to Ore
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8. Sulphur and Lead Isotopes in Strata-Bound Deposits
Introduction
Sulphur Isotopes
General Theory
Abundance
Fractionation of Sulphur Isotopes
Influence of Sulphur Species on Sulphur Isotopic Abundances
Sulphur Isotopes in Strata-Bound Deposits
Deposits Enclosed in Marine Host Rocks
Discussion
Deposits Enclosed in Rocks of Continental or Near Continental Origin
Deposits of the Conglomerate-U (-Au) Type
Lead Isotopes
General Theory
Lead Isotopes in Strata-Bound Sulphide Deposits
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits
Carbonate-Hosted Lead- Zinc Deposits
Discussion
References
Chapter 9. Uranium-, Thorium- and Lead-Isotope Studies of Strata-Bound Ores
Introduction
Age Deteminations: Radioactive Decay
The U-Pb and Th-Pb Method
Common Lead
The Lead Growth Curve of Conformable Ores
(Anomalous) Lead Lines, Multi-Stage Leads
Case Histories
Mississippi Valley Lead-Zinc Deposits
Other Lead-Zinc Deposits in Carbonate Rocks
Broken Hill Lode
Archean Greenstone Belts of the Eastern Transvaal
Geological Setting
Lead-Isotope Data
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Sedimentary, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Sulfides of Lead, Zinc, Copper and Iron and their Occurrence in Sedimentary Ore Deposits
Introduction
Aspects of Pb, Zrr, Cu, and Fe Chemistry and Geochemistry
Lead
Zinc
Copper
Iron
Crystal-Field Theory and the Geochemistry of Fe and Cu
Distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the Earth
Pb, Zn, Cu, anf Fe Sulfide Minerals of Sedimentary Association
Structures and Compositions of the Major Minerals
Forms and Textures of the Minerals
Mineral Composition as an Indication of Formation Conditions
Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides in Aqueous Systems
Eh - pH and Partial Pressure Diagrams
Equilibria Amongst Lead Compounds
Equilibria Amongst Zinc Compounds
Equilibria Amongst Copper and Copper-Iron Compounds
Equilibria Amongst Iron Compounds
Transport and Depositional Phenomena Involving Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides
Solubilities and Complex Formation
Depositional Reactions, Depositional Systems, and Surface Phenomena
Examples of Sedimentary Environments Containing Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides
Modern Environments
Copper and Iron Sulfide Concentrations in Sedimentary Environments
Lead-Zinc Sulfide Ores
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Product details
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Elsevier Science 1976
- Published: January 1, 1976
- Imprint: Elsevier Science
- eBook ISBN: 9780444599421