General Virology

Contents

Contributors to Volume 1

Contents of Volume 2

Contents of Volume 3

Preface

I. The Problems of Virology

I. Introduction

II. The Double Approach

A. The Infective Particle

B. The Virus-Host Cell Relationship

References

II. Structural and Chemical Architecture of Host Cells with Special Reference to the Synthesis of Polymers

I. Introduction

A. Historical Notes

B. The Metabolic Machinery and Virus Infection

C. Possible Contributions of the Host Cell to the Synthesis of Viral Polymers

D. On the Origin and Cellular Relations of the Viruses

II. Cellular Organization

A. On the Cell in General

B. The Composition of the Nucleus

C. Cytoplasmic Structures

III. The Distribution of Metabolic Function

A. Methodological Notes

B. Tables of Enzyme Distribution

C. Enzymatic Systems of Nuclei

D. Enzymatic Systems of Cytoplasm

E. Enzymatic Systems in the Microsomal Fraction

F. Enzymatic Activities of Cell Sap

G. Polymer Synthesis in Cytoplasm and Nucleus

IV. Patterns of Polymer Synthesis

A. Exponential Growth

B. Differentiated Cells

C. Synchronous Cultures

D. Pathological Systems

E. Unbalanced Growth

F. Syntheses with Abnormal Metabolites

G. Problems of Turnover

V. Controlling Mechanisms of Enzyme and Protein Synthesis

A. Introduction

B. Genetic Controls

C. Some Nutritional Phenomena

D. The Induced Biosynthesis of Enzymes

VI. Biochemical Mechanisms of Polymer Formation

A. Phosphate Transfer

B. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

C. Phospholipid Synthesis

D. Mechanisms of Peptide Synthesis

E. The Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acid Intermediates

F. Biosynthesis of the Nucleic Acids

VII. Problems of Polymer Duplication

A. DNA Duplication and Partition

B. The Transfer of Biological Information

VIII. Conclusion

References

III. The Physical Properties of Infective Particles

I. Introduction

II. Physical Methods

A. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Methods

B. Optical Methods

III. Application of Physical Methods to Virus Studies

A. Homogeneity and Purity as Related to Virus Identification

B. Identification of Physical Particles as Infective Agents

C. Physical Properties of Well-Studied Viruses

References

IV. Quantitative Relationships between Virus Particles and Their Functional Activity

I. Introduction

II. Titration of Virus Infectivity

A. Assay Based on All-or-None Response

B. Assay by Local Lesion Count

C. Factors Affecting Virus Infectivity Titrations

III. Methods of Determining Total Virus Particle Concentrations

A. Direct Methods: Electron Microscopy

B. Indirect Methods

IV. Relationships between Total Particle Count and Biological Function

A. Initiation of Infection by a Single Virus Particle

B. Observed Ratios between Virus Particle Count and Infectious Units

V. Summary and Conclusion

References

V. Inactivation of Viruses

I. Introduction

II. Physical Agents

A. Mechanical Treatments

B. Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiations

III. Physicochemical Factors

A. Heat Inactivation

B. Resistance to Low Temperature and to Desiccation

C. Virus Stability and pH

D. Salt Effects

IV. Chemical Agents

A. Chemical Alterations of the Virus Particle not associated with Loss of Infectivity

B. Formaldehyde

C. Protein-Denaturing Agents

D. Oxidizing Agents

E. Alkylating Agents

F. Organic Solvents

G. Enzymes

H. Miscellaneous Agents

References

VI. The Chemical Basis of the Infectivity of Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Other Plant Viruses

I. Purification of Plant Viruses

A. Procedure for the Preparation of TMV

B. Isolation and Properties of Other Plant Viruses

C. The Nature of Virus-Specific Components in Infected Plants

II. Degradation of TMV

A. Preparation of Nucleic Acid

B. Preparation of Protein

C. Structure and Function of Viral Proteins

III. Assay of Infectivity of TMV and TMV-RNA

IV. Reconstitution of TMV

V. Infective y of Viral RNA

A. TMV

B. Other Viruses

C. Natural Occurrence of Infectious Nucleic Acid

VI. Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Infectious TMVKNA

A. Molecular Weight

B. Lability

C. Miscellaneous Reactions

VII. Reconstitution of Viruses from Different Strains

A. Mixed Viruses

B. Mixed Nucleic Acid Viruses

C. Search for in Vitro-Tioducea Mutants

References

VII. The Comparative Chemistry of Infective Virus Particles and Their Functional Activity: T2 and other Bacterial Viruses

I. Introduction

II. General Structure of Coliphage Particles

III. The Protein Components of Coliphage Particles

A. Amino Acid Context of Coliphage Proteins

B. The Heterogeneity of Viral Protein

IV. Nucleic Acid Components of Coliphage

A. Analysis of Components of Viral Nucleic Acid

B. Heterogeneity of Viral DNA

V. Other Viral Specific Products

Addendum

References

VIII. The Comparative Chemistry of Infective Virus Particles and of other Virus-Specific Products: Animal Viruses

I. Introduction

II. Definition of the Various Virus-Specific Units

III. Problems and Methods of Chemical Analysis

IV. Chemical Composition of Infective Particles and Other Virus-Specific Products

A. Smaller Viruses

B. Viruses of Medium Size

C. Larger Viruses

D. Summary

V. Origin and Function of the Chemical Constituents of Animal Viruses

References

IX. Biochemistry of Insect Viruses

I. The Chemical Changes in the Insect Host during Virus Infection

II. Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Composition of Inclusion Bodies

A. Physicochemical Properties

B. Chemical Composition of Inclusion Body Proteins

III. Chemical Composition of Virus Particles

References

X. The Scope and Limitations of Immunological Methods in the Characterization and Functional Study of Viruses

I. Introduction

II. The Concepts of Immunological Specificity

III. Aggregation Reactions in Virology

A. Precipitin Reactions

B. Complement Fixation

C. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques

IV. The Process of Virus Neutralization

A. Neutralization of Bacterial Viruses

B. Neutralization of Plant Viruses

C. Neutralization of Animal Viruses by Immune Serum

References

XI. The Reproduction of Viruses: A Comparative Survey

I. Virus Infection as Infective Heredity

A. Virus Multiplication, Cell Multiplication, and Cell Growth

B. Virus as Genetic Determinant

C. Virus Replication and Virus Maturation

II. Multiplication of Bacteriophage

A. The Nature of the Replicating Phage Material

B. Infectious DNA from Phage Particles

C. Kinetics of Replication of Vegetative Phage

D. Functions of the Phage Genome

E. Phage Maturation and Infective Heredity

III. Multiplication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A. RNA as the Initiator of Infection

B. TMV Protein and Virus Maturation

C. Other RNA Viruses

IV. Multiplication of Animal Viruses

A. Myxovirus Group

B. Other Viruses

V. Virus Multiplication, Cell Function, and Cell Organization

A. Restatement of the Dual Hypothesis

B. Cell Damage and Virus Multiplication

C. Viruses and Cellular Constituents

References

Author Index

Subject Index