Gastrointestinal Hormones

Introduction

Discussion

References

Cytochemical Techniques in Work with Gastrointestinal Hormones

I. Introduction

II. Cytochemical Methods and the Concept of the Gut as an Endocrine Organ

III. Electron Microscopy

IV. Immunocytochemistry

V. Gastrointestinal Hormone-Producing Cells

VI. General Markers for Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells

VII. New Technology

VIII. Conclusions

References

Radioìmmunoassay Problems for Gut Hormones in the Eighties

I. Introduction

II. Structural Premises for the Assay of Gut Hormones

III. General Strategy for Measurement of Gut Hormones

IV. Production of Antibodies

V. Evaluation of Antisera

VI. Preparation of Tracers

VII. Separation Techniques

VIII. Sequence-Specific Radioimmunoassays

References

Gastrointestinal Hormones in Disease

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Age and Obesity

III. Gastric Pathology

IV. Intestinal Surgery

V. Diseases Resulting in Malabsorption

VI. Inflammation

VII. Abnormalities of the Enteric Neural System

VIII. Conclusions

References

Evolutionary Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones

I. Introduction

II. Methodological Approaches

III. Gut Peptides in Nerves and Elsewhere

IV. Hormonal Families

V. Overview

References

Cell Membrane Receptors for Secretagogues on Pancreatic Acinar Cells

I. Introduction

II. Receptors for Secretagogues that Cause Mobilization of Cellular Calcium

III. Receptors for Secretagogues that Increase Cellular Cyclic AMP

References

Synthesis of Gastrointestinal Hormones Using Organic Chemical or Recombinant DNA Techniques

I. Introduction

II. Synthetic Replicates of Gastrointestinal Hormones

III. Synthesis of Peptides Based on the Amino Acid Sequences Deduced from Hormone Precursor Structures

IV. Immunochemical Studies on Gastrointestinal Hormones Using Synthetic Replicates, Fragments, and Analogs

V. Structure-Activity Study

VI. Synthesis of Gastrointestinal Hormones by Recombinant DNA Techniques

References

Gastrin

I. Forms and Fragments of Gastrin in Tissues

II. Circulating Components: Post- and Perisecretory Processing

III. Cellular Origins and Distribution

IV. Actions of Gastrin

V. Structure-Function Relations

VI. Metabolic Disposal of Gastrin

VII. Nervous and Chemical Control of Gastrin Release

VIII. Gastrin in Human Pathology

References

The Gastrin-Releasing Polypeptide (GRP)

I. Introduction

II. Chemical Studies

III. Anatomical Studies

IV. Biological Studies

V. Summary

References

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

I. Secretin

II. Cholecystokinin

III. Conclusions

References

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)

I. Isolation and Structure of GIP

II. Cellular Localization

III. Secretion of IR-GRP

IV. Obesity

V. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

VI. Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

VII. Physiological Actions of GIP

References

The Incretin Concept

I. The Enteroinsular Axis and Its Neural Components

II. Definition of Incretin

III. The Incretin Candidates

IV. GIP Response in Malassimilation Syndromes

V. GIP Response to Oral Fat

VI. Insulinotropic Effects of GIP

VII. GIP in Diabetes Mellitus

Vili. GIP Secretion in Obesity

IX. Quantification of Incretin

X. Evidence for Further Incretins

XI. Significance of Altered Hepatic Insulin Extraction

XII. Conclusion

References

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

I. Discovery and Isolation from Intestine

II. Rediscovery as a Neuropeptide

III. Distribution and Localization

IV. Chemical Structure and the Family of Related Peptides

V. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology

VI. Chemical Synthesis

VII. Structural Variants in the Animal Kingdom

VIII. Biological Actions

IX. Mechanism of Action

X. Release

XI. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

XII. Interactions with Other Hormones and Neurotransmitters

XIII. Physiological Roles

XIV. Relationship to Human Disease

XV. Potential as a Therapeutic Agent

References

Enteroglucagon

I. Introduction

II. Chemistry

III. Localization of Enteroglucagon

IV. Enteroglucagon Secretion

V. Circulating Enteroglucagon

VI. Effects of Enteroglucagon

VII. Conclusion

References

Neuropeptide Y, Peptide HI, Galanin, Cholecystokinin-58, Neuropeptide K, and Peptide YY

I. Introduction

II. Neuropeptide Y

III. Peptide HI

IV. Galanin

V. Cholecystokinin-58

VI. Neuropeptide K

VII. Peptide YY

VIII. Summary

References

Motilin

I. Isolation and Structure of Motilin

II. Cellular Localization

III. The Secretion of Motilin and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Motility and Exocrine Secretion

IV. Mode of Action of Motilin on Smooth Muscle

V. Actions of Motilin on Central Neurons and the Pituitary

VI. Clinical Aspects

References

Somatostatin-28

I. Introduction

II. Isolation, Synthesis, and Biochemical Properties

III. Distribution

IV. Biological Effects

V. Conclusion

References

Neurotensin and Substance P

I. Neurotensin

II. Substance P

References

Opioid Peptides and the Gastrointestinal Tract

I. The Opioid Peptide Systems

II. Immunohistochemical Distribution of Opioid Peptides

III. Functional Aspects

IV. Concluding Remarks

References

Structure and Function of the Head Activator in Hydra and in Mammals

I. Introduction

II. Isolation and Sequence Analysis of the Head Activator

III. Immunoassays

IV. Effects of the Head Activator on Cellular Growth and Differentiation in Hydra

V. Action of the Head Activator in Mammals

VI. Head Activator in Plasma Is Carrier-Bound

VII. Summary

References

Index