Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) Based Power Cycles

1st Edition - January 9, 2017
Editors: Klaus Brun, Peter Friedman, Richard Dennis
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 8 0 4 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 8 0 5 - 8

Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) Based Power Cycles aims to provide engineers and researchers with an authoritative overview of research… Read more

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Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) Based Power Cycles aims to provide engineers and researchers with an authoritative overview of research and technology in this area. Part One introduces the technology and reviews the properties of SCO2 relevant to power cycles.

Other sections of the book address components for SCO2 power cycles, such as turbomachinery expanders, compressors, recuperators, and design challenges, such as the need for high-temperature materials. Chapters on key applications, including waste heat, nuclear power, fossil energy, geothermal and concentrated solar power are also included. The final section addresses major international research programs.

Readers will learn about the attractive features of SC02 power cycles, which include a lower capital cost potential than the traditional cycle, and the compounding performance benefits from a more efficient thermodynamic cycle on balance of plant requirements, fuel use, and emissions.

Woodhead Titles
List of contributors
The Editors
Foreword
Overview
1. Introduction and background
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Overview of supercritical CO₂ power cycle fundamentals
- 1.3. Applications for sCO₂ power cycles
- 1.4. Summary and conclusions
2. Physical properties
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Qualities of supercritical CO₂
- 2.3. Equations of state for calculating supercritical CO₂ properties
- 2.4. Overview of thermodynamic property trends
- 2.5. Impurities of CO₂ mixtures
- 2.6. Summary
3. Thermodynamics
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Governing relationships
- 3.3. Analysis
- 3.4. Example applications
- 3.5. Conclusions
4. High-temperature materials
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Thermodynamics of oxidation
- 4.3. Investigations of high-temperature corrosion in ambient and subcritical CO₂
- 4.4. Laboratory investigations of supercritical CO₂ corrosion rates and reaction products
- 4.5. Effect of CO₂ on mechanical properties
- 4.6. Current status and ongoing supercritical CO₂ work
- 4.7. Future directions
- 4.8. Conclusions
5. Modeling and cycle optimization
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 5.1. Introduction to cycle modeling
- 5.2. Basics of cycle modeling
- 5.3. Design point analysis
- 5.4. Considerations for off-design modeling
- 5.5. Advanced considerations for steady-state modeling
- 5.6. Cycle optimization
- 5.7. Transient code requirements
- 5.8. Conclusion
6. Economics
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 6.1. Introduction (advantages and disadvantages in potential markets)
- 6.2. Potential markets
- 6.3. Introduction to the economics of supercritical CO₂ power plants
- 6.4. Project cost basis
- 6.5. Summary and conclusions of supercritical CO₂ power system economics
7. Turbomachinery
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Machinery configurations
- 7.3. Existing supercritical CO₂ turbomachinery designs
- 7.4. Common design attributes and components
- 7.5. Compressor and pump design considerations for supercritical CO₂
- 7.6. Turbine design considerations for supercritical CO₂
- 7.7. Summary
8. Heat exchangers
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Applications in supercritical CO₂ power cycles
- 8.3. Candidate architectures
- 8.4. Operating conditions and requirements
- 8.5. Design considerations
- 8.6. Design validation
- 8.7. Conclusion
9. Auxiliary equipment
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 9.1. CO₂ supply and inventory control systems
- 9.2. Filtration
- 9.3. Dry gas seal supply and vent system
- 9.4. Instrumentation
- 9.5. Summary
10. Waste heat recovery
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Waste heat recovery overview
- 10.3. Waste heat recovery applications
- 10.4. Waste heat exchanger design
- 10.5. Economics and competitive assessment
- 10.6. Technology development needs
11. Concentrating solar power
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 11.1. Motivation for integrating supercritical CO₂ into CSP systems
- 11.2. Introduction to concentrating solar power technologies
- 11.3. Considerations for integrating supercritical CO₂ with concentrating solar power
- 11.4. Potential system designs and current research
- 11.5. Concluding comments—role of supercritical CO₂ in the future of concentrating solar power
12. Fossil energy
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Indirect supercritical CO₂ cycles
- 12.3. Direct supercritical CO₂ cycles
- 12.4. Conclusions
13. Nuclear power
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 13.1. Benefits of supercritical CO₂ cycles for nuclear power
- 13.2. Drawbacks of supercritical CO₂ cycles
- 13.3. History of supercritical CO₂ cycle development
- 13.4. Applications to specific reactor types
- 13.5. Example of a supercritical CO₂ power cycle converter for a sodium-cooled fast reactor
- 13.6. Transient analysis of supercritical CO₂ cycles
- 13.7. Control strategy development
- 13.8. Examples of specific nuclear power plant transients for a sodium-cooled fast reactor
- 13.9. Summary and closure
14. Test facilities
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Sandia National Laboratories recompression loop
- 14.3. Naval Nuclear Laboratory Integrated System Test
- 14.4. Echogen EPS100
- 14.5. SwRI SunShot test loop
- 14.6. Other test facilities
- 14.7. Future trends/conclusions
15. Research and development: Essentials, efforts, and future trends
- Overview
- Key Terms
- 15.1. Introduction: objectives of research and development
- 15.2. Overall power cycle design
- 15.3. Working fluid quality
- 15.4. Compressors
- 15.5. Turbines
- 15.6. Heat Exchangers
- 15.7. Balance of plant design
- 15.8. Materials
- 15.9. Conclusion
Index

Klaus Brun

Dr. Brun is the Director of Research & Development at Elliott Group where he leads a group of over 60 professionals in the development of turbomachinery and related systems, products and infrastructures for the different energy industries, including renewable energies. His past experience includes positions in product development, applications engineering, project management, and executive management at Southwest Research Institute, Solar Turbines, General Electric, and Alstom. He holds twelve patents, has authored over 370 papers, and published six textbooks on energy systems and turbomachinery. Dr. Brun is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and won an R&D 100 award in 2007 for his Semi-Active Valve invention. He also won the ASME Industrial Gas Turbine Award in 2016 and 14 individuals ASME Turbo Expo Best Paper/Tutorial awards. Dr. Brun has chaired several large conferences including the ASME Turbo Expo and the Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles Symposium. Dr. Brun is a member of the Global Power Propulsion Society Board of Directors and the past chair of the ASME International Gas Turbine Institute Board of Directors, the ASME Oil & Gas Applications Committee, and ASME sCO2 Power Cycle Committee. He is a member of the API 616 Task Force, the ASME PTC-10 task force, the Asia Turbomachinery Symposiums Committee, and the Supercritical CO2 Symposium Advisory Committee. Dr. Brun is currently Executive Correspondent of Turbomachinery International Magazine and an Associate Editor of several journal transactions.

Affiliations and expertise

Director of Research and Development, Elliott Group, Pennsylvania, USA

Peter Friedman

Dr. Peter Friedman is a mechanical and nuclear engineer at Newport News Shipbuilding, a Division of Huntington Ingalls Industries. During a 20 year career in the United States Navy, Dr. Friedman served as a submarine officer, where his assignments included engineering department head on board the nuclear submarine, USS Hyman G. Rickover and mechanical engineering professor at the United Sates Naval Academy. Following retirement from the Navy, Dr. Friedman entered academia at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and was elected Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He was selected as a Legislative Fellow by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, where he advised Congressman Mike Simpson on energy and defense policy issues. Dr. Friedman earned a Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology and his PhD from Johns Hopkins University. He is a licensed professional engineer, registered in Virginia and Massachusetts.

Affiliations and expertise

Mechanical and Nuclear Engineer, Newport News Shipbuilding, a Division of Huntington Ingalls Industries

Richard Dennis

Mr. Richard Dennis is currently the Technology Manager for Advanced Turbines and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Programs at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). These programs are multi-million dollar per annum R&D activities managed for the US. DOE Office of Fossil Energy. The programs support university, industry and U.S. national laboratory research, development and demonstration projects. Rich has a BS and MS in Mechanical Engineering from West Virginia University. From 1983 to 1992 Mr. Dennis worked in the on-site research group of NETL where he conducted research related to pressurized fluidized bed combustion, gasification and gas stream particulate cleanup for advanced coal based power generation. From 1993 to 2000 Mr. Dennis managed contracted research for the DOE Office of Fossil Energy in advanced fossil fuel power generation including coal combustion, gasification, fuel cells, and gas turbines. In 2002 Richard was selected as the Turbine Technology Manager. In 2014 – 15 Dennis served as the technology manager for the DOE FE Advanced Combustion Systems technology area. Currently Richard is serving as the Technology Manager for Advanced Turbines and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles programs at NETL.

Affiliations and expertise

Technology Manager for Advanced Turbines and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Programs, U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)