Fundamental Physics of Radiology

Fundamental Physics of Radiology focuses on how radiation is produced, how the rays interact and affect irradiated material, and the principles underlying the apparatus being used. The publication first takes a look at matter and energy, radiation, and spectra, atoms and nuclei, and radioactivity, including electromagnetic radiation, waves and photons, atomic and nuclear structures, and electromagnetic spectrum. The text also ponders on radioactive materials and the effects and production of X-rays. The text examines the measurement of X-ray quantity, roentgen and its measurement, and the Geiger-Müller and scintillation counters, as well as departmental chambers, instruments in practice, and ‘free-air‘ chamber. The manuscript also elaborates on properties of X-ray film, intensifying and fluorescent screens, effect of X-ray absorption on radiographic image, and effects and control of scattered radiation. The publication is a dependable reference for physicists and readers interested in radiology.

Contents

Preface

Section I. General Physics

I. Matter and Energy, Radiation and Spectra

II. Atoms and Nuclei

III. Radioactivity

IV. Radioactivity Materials

V. The Production of X-Rays

VI. The Interaction of X-And Gamma Rays with Matter I

VII. The Interaction of X-And Gamma Rays with Matter II

VIII. The Effects of X-Rays

IX. The Measurement of X-Ray Quantity

X. The Roentgen and Its Measurement

X. The Geiger-Müller and Scintillation Counters

XII. Absorbed Dose and the Rad

XIII. Filters and Filtration

Section II. Diagnostic Radiology

XIV. The Physical Basis of Diagnostic Radiology

XV. The X-Ray Film and Its Processing

XVI. The Properties of The X-Ray Film

XVII. Intensifying and Fluorescent Screens

XVIII. Geometric Factors Which Influence The Radiographic Image

XIX. The Effect of X-Ray Absorption On The Radiographic Image

XX. The Effects and Control of Scattered Radiation

XXI. The Radiographic Exposure

XXII. The Diagnostic X-Ray Tube and Shield

XXIII. The Electrical Circuits of The X-Ray Unit

XXIV. The Rating of The X-Ray Tube

XXV. Fluoroscopy

XXVI. Tomography

Section III. Radiotherapy

XXVII. The Physical Principles of Radiotherapy

XXVIII. Teletherapy Dosage Data: General Considerations

XXI. Teletherapy Dosage Data For Clinical Use

XXX. Output Measurements and the Use of Isodose Charts

XXXI. Patient Dosage

XXXII. Beam Modification

XXXIII. Collimators and 'Beam-Direction' Devices

XXXIV. Some Special Techniques and Alternative Radiations

XXX. Teletherapy Sources

XXXVI. Acceptance Tests and Calibration

XXXVII. Radium and Radon Sources For Plesiotherapy

XXXVIII. Plesiotherapy Dosage Calculations and Some Alternative Gamma-Ray Sources

XXXI. Radioactive Isotopes In Clinical Medicine

Section IV. Radiation Protection

XL. General Principles and Materials

XLI. Departmental Protection

XLII. Protection Instruments and Personnel Monitoring

Appendix I

Appendix II

Index