Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover

All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems

5th Edition - January 25, 2023
Authors: Thomas Carter, William C. Lyons, Norton J. Lapeyrouse
Language: English
Other ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 5 4 9 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 4 7 5 - 1

Updated for today’s engineer, Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition delivers the quick answers for daily petroleum challenges. Starti… Read more

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Updated for today’s engineer, Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition delivers the quick answers for daily petroleum challenges. Starting with a review of basic equations, calculations, and many worked examples, this reference offers a quick look up of topics such as drilling fluids, pressure control, and air and gas calculations. The formulas and calculations are provided in either English field units or in metric units. Additional topics include cementing, subsea considerations, well hydraulics, hydraulic fracturing methods, and drill string design limitations. New formulas include geothermal drilling, horizontal wells, and temperature workover. Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition continues to save time and money for the oilfield worker and manager on the job with an easy layout and organization, helping you confidently conduct operations and evaluate the performance of your wells.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Prologue
Chapter 1: Basic equations
Abstract
1.1: Terminology
1.2: Mud weight MW (lb/ft3), mud weight MW (ppg), and specific gravity (SG)
1.3: Hydrostatic pressure (P) and (p)
1.4: Pressure gradient ∇ (psi/ft), G (ppg)
1.5: Mud pump output q (bbl/stk) and Q (gpm)
1.6: Hydraulic horsepower
1.7: Estimated weight of drill collars in AIR
1.8: Open hole and tubular capacity and displacement formulas
1.9: Amount of cuttings drilled per foot of hole
1.10: Annular velocity (AV)
1.11: Pump output required in GPM for a desired annular velocity, ft/min
1.12: Bottoms-up formula
1.13: Pump pressure/pump stroke relationship (the Roughneck’s formula)
1.14: Buoyancy factor (BF)
1.15: Formation temperature (Tf)
1.16: Temperature conversion formulas
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Chapter 2: RIG calculations
Abstract
2.1: Accumulator capacity
2.2: Slug calculations
2.3: Bulk density of cuttings using the mud balance
2.4: Drill string design
2.5: Depth of a washout in a drill pipe
2.6: Stuck pipe calculations
2.7: Calculations required for placing spotting pills in an open hole annulus
2.8: Line size for a low pressure system
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
References
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Pressure control
Abstract
3.1: Normal kill sheet
3.2: Pressure chart: Prepare a chart with pressure and strokes
3.3: Kill sheet with a tapered string
3.4: Kill sheet for a highly deviated well
3.5: Maximum anticipated surface pressure
3.6: Trip margin (TM)
3.7: Sizing the diverter line
3.8: Fracture gradient (FG)
3.9: Formation pressure tests
3.10: Kick tolerance (KT)
3.11: Kick analysis
3.12: Gas cut mud weight measurement calculations
3.13: Gas migration in a shut-in well
3.14: Hydrostatic pressure decrease at TD caused by formation fluid influx due to a kick
3.15: Maximum pressures when circulating out a kick (Moore equations)
3.16: Gas flow into the wellbore
3.17: Pressure analysis
3.18: Stripping/snubbing calculations
3.19: Subsea considerations
3.20: Workover operations
3.21: Controlling gas migration
3.22: Gas lubrication
3.23: Annular stripping procedures
3.24: Barite plug
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Drilling fluids
Abstract
4.1: Mud density increase and volume change
4.2: Mud weight reduction with base liquid dilution
4.3: Mixing fluids of different densities
4.4: Oil-based mud calculations
4.5: Solids analysis
4.6: Solids fractions (barite treated muds)
4.7: Dilution of mud system
4.8: Evaluation of hydrocyclones
4.9: Evaluation of centrifuge
4.10: Mud volume required to drill 1000 ft of hole
4.11: Determine the downhole density of the base oil or brine in the mud at depth of interest in ppg
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Cementing calculations
Abstract
5.1: Cement additive calculations
5.2: Water requirements
5.3: Field cement additive calculations
5.4: Weighted cement calculations
5.5: Calculate the number of sacks required for cement job
5.6: Calculations for the number of feet to be cemented
5.7: Setting a balanced cement plug
5.8: Differential hydrostatic pressure between cement in the annulus and mud inside the casing
5.9: Hydraulicing casing
5.10: Pump strokes to bump the plug
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Well hydraulics
Abstract
6.1: System pressure losses
6.2: Equivalent circulating “density” ECD (ppg)
6.3: Surge and swab pressure loss
6.4: Equivalent spherical diameter for drilled cuttings size used in slip velocity equations
6.5: Slip velocity of cuttings in the annulus
6.6: Carrying capacity index
6.7: Pressure required to break circulation
6.8: Initial gel strength guidelines for top hole drilling in high angle wells (after Zamora)
6.9: Bit nozzle selection—Optimized hydraulics
6.10: Hydraulic analysis
6.11: Minimum flowrate for PDC bits
6.12: Critical RPM: RPM to avoid due to excessive vibration (accurate to approximately 15%)
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Chapter 7: Drilling and completion calculations
Abstract
7.1: Control drilling—Maximum drilling rate (MDR) when drilling large diameter holes (14¾ in. and larger) in ft/h
7.2: Mud effects on rate of penetration
7.3: Cuttings concentration % by volume
7.4: “d” Exponent and corrected “d” exponent
7.5: Cost per foot
7.6: Rig loads
7.7: Ton-mile (TM) calculations
7.8: Hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling pipe out of the hole
7.9: Loss of overbalance due to falling mud level
7.10: Lost circulation
7.11: Core analysis technique
7.12: Temperature correction for brines
7.13: Tubing stretch
7.14: Directional drilling calculations
7.15: Hole washout
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Air and gas calculations
Abstract
8.1: Static gas column
8.2: Direct circulation: Flow up the annulus (from annulus bottomhole to exit)
8.3: Direct circulation: Flow down the inside of the drill pipe (from the bottom of the inside of the drill string to the injection at the top of the drill string)
8.4: Reverse circulation: Flow up the inside of tubing string
8.5: Reverse circulation: Flow down the annulus
8.6: Reverse circulation: Adjusting for reservoir pressure
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Bibliography
Appendix A
A.1: Tank capacity determinations
A.2: Pipe capacities, displacements, and weight calculations
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix: Supplementary material
Appendix B: Conversion factors
Appendix C: Average annual atmospheric conditions
Index

Thomas Carter

Mr. Carter has over fifty five years' experience in domestic and international engineering and management positions in the area of drilling, completion and E&P waste management with Conoco, Baroid, and several other drilling contractors. He has conducted seminars and schools on fluids, rig equipment, and drilling engineering related subjects associated with drilling optimization, cost reduction, and well control. Tom has served as Chairman of the API standardization committee (SC 13) on Drilling and Completion Fluid Materials. He was a SPE Distinguished Lecturer in 1993 and served as the Editor of the SPE reprint series book on drilling fluids. Currently, he is a member of the Chevron Clear Leader Center serving as a Technical Learning Advisor in Houston. He coordinates and has teaching participation in several subject areas such as Coiled Tubing Operations, Directional Drilling, Drilling Fluids, Drilling Practices, Fundamentals for Drilling and Completion, HPHT Drilling and Completions, and Solids Control and Waste Management. He is still active in several industry organizations and was President of the Houston chapter of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, Coordinator for the SPE North American Forum Series, Membership Chairman of the editorial committee for the Journal of Petroleum Technology and on the Board of Directors for the Ocean Energy Center Society (Ocean Star rig museum in Galveston). He has published 20 technical publications and holds five U.S. patents. He graduated with a BS in Geology from Centenary College in Shreveport, Louisiana in 1963.

Affiliations and expertise

Technical Learning Advisor, Chevron, Houston, TX, USA

William C. Lyons

William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E. (retired), holds nine patents in industrial drilling and has been responsible for the development of several important innovations in drilling and production technology. He is the lead Editor of the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, 3rd edition, publishing with Elsevier and co-author of several other professional books in drilling and production engineering for the petroleum industry. Dr. Lyons was a Professor in Petroleum Engineering and in Mechanical Engineering at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology for 30 years. He also served two one-year tours as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs during his academic career. Since retiring from teaching, Dr. Lyons is currently a Technical Learning Advisor with Chevron's Clear Leader Center in Houston, TX.

Affiliations and expertise

Chevron's Clear Leader Center, Houston, TX, USA

Norton J. Lapeyrouse

Norton J. Lapeyrouse was a technical training instructor in oilfield courses with international experience. He developed numerous training programs, courses, and manuals designed for supervisory and field personnel. He was a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME., the American Society for Teaching and Development, and the IADC. subcommittee of Well Control Trainers Roundtable.

Affiliations and expertise

Former technical training instructor in oilfield courses