Forest Microbiology

Volume 2: Forest Tree Health

1st Edition - July 1, 2022
Editors: Fred O Asiegbu, Andriy Kovalchuk
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 0 4 2 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 4 4 8 - 5

Forest Microbiology, Volume Two: Forest Tree Health highlights a range of emerging microbial phytopathogens of forest trees, along with novel approaches for managing tree pests and… Read more

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Forest Microbiology, Volume Two: Forest Tree Health highlights a range of emerging microbial phytopathogens of forest trees, along with novel approaches for managing tree pests and diseases in a changing climate. The book provides an overview of selected microbial pathogens of forest trees, with an emphasis on their biology, lifecycle, spreading mechanisms, impact on affected tree species and current and prospective control strategies. At the same time, the impact of tree microbiomes on host fitness is discussed. Beneficial components of tree microbiota are presented, along with their functional role in tree nutrition, immunity and disease resistance.

In addition, this volume addresses the many functions of microbial disease agents of trees including fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasma. Strong emphasis is placed on the genetics, biochemistry, physiology, evolutionary biology and population dynamics of the microorganisms involved. This title is a key resource for foresters and forest pathology practitioners, as well as plant biologists.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Basis of tree pathology
Chapter 1: Basic concepts and principles of forest pathology
Abstract
1: Definition of forest tree pathology
2: Historical background of forest pathology
3: Classification of tree disease agents: biotic and abiotic
4: The Disease triangle
5: Rationale for forest pathology and disease epidemiology
6: Nature and symptoms of tree diseases
7: The Disease cycle
8: Lifestyles and nutritional strategies of tree pathogens
9: Classes of resistance: Gene-for-Gene model
10: Major gene and polygenic disease resistance
11: Hypersensitive response (HR), necrotic lesions and cell death, and reaction zones
12: Reactions zones in tree defenses
13: Wood decay on standing living trees and freshly felled trees
14: Types of wood decay
15: Exercises and study questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Diagnostic tools and techniques in tree pathology
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Traditional methods
3: Molecular methods in tree disease diagnosis
4: Exercises or study questions
5: Literature for further reading (see also additional literatures below)
References
Further reading
Part II: Tree health: Global perspectives
Chapter 3: Forest diversity and productivity: Implications for forest health in future climates
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Key concepts and definitions
3: Adapting to future climate through measures to increase tree diversity: Implications for forest health
4: “Pest-proofing” the diversity: Available solutions and research needs
5: Concluding remarks
6: Study questions
References
Chapter 4: Globalization, invasive forest pathogen species, and forest tree health
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Invasive forest pathogens have caused the most infamous epidemics in the history of plant pathology
3: Past and present plant health legislation
4: International plant trade is the main driver of invasive forest pathogen introduction
5: Sentinel plantings are a tool to unmask the next forest threat
6: Early detection
7: Conclusions
8: Exercises or study questions
9: Literatures for further reading
References
Chapter 5: Abiotic factors affecting forest tree health
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Abiotic factors
3: Anthropogenic factors
4: Abiotic agents as predisposing factors
5: Conclusions and recommendations
6: Exercises or study questions for students
References
Chapter 6: Climate change and forest health: Detecting dieback hotspots
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Forest health and global change: Revisiting and reviewing concepts
2: Linking stress, vitality, crown defoliation, and tree growth
3: Defining dieback hotspots: A study case on Scots pine in Europe
4: Toward more sustainable and predictable views of forest health
5: Exercises or study questions
References
Chapter 7: Ecological, evolutionary, and societal impacts of invasions by emergent forest pathogens
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Ecological effects
3: Evolutionary effects of the emergence or introduction of tree pathogens
4: Societal effects caused by the emergence of tree diseases
5: Conclusions
6: Study questions
Glossary
References
Chapter 8: Population dynamics of forest tree pathogens
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Dynamics of populations
3: Population dynamics of forest pathogens
4: Conclusions
5: Study questions
References
Chapter 9: Modeling forest disturbance and tree disease dynamics
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Simulating biotic disturbances in the changing world
3: Future of disturbance modeling
4: Examples of models on simulating tree disease dynamics
5: Hmodel—Heterobasidion root rot dynamics
6: Simulating the epidemiology of invasive alien species
7: Modeling climate suitability—Where can biotic agents spread?
8: Simulating the bark beetle and wind interaction dynamics
9: Conclusion
10: Exercises or study questions
References
Literature for further reading
Part III: Basis and principles of tree disease resistance breeding
Chapter 10: Resistance breeding against tree pathogens
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
1: Introduction
2: Components and stages of resistance breeding
3: Case studies in forest tree resistance breeding
4: Summary: Outlook for the future
5: Study questions
References
Part IV: Foliage (including Needles) Pathogens of trees (case examples)
Chapter 11: Dothistroma needle blight
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The disease
3: The pathogens of DNB
4: Molecular tools for identification and population studies
5: Geographic distribution
6: Host range
7: Life cycle and infection process
8: Population studies
9: Impact of climate
10: Disease control and management
11: Summary
12: Study questions
References
Further reading
Recommended reading
Chapter 12: Rust diseases of forest trees
Abstract
1: Rust fungi, a diverse, intriguing, and important group of pathogens
2: Tree rusts can endanger host survival, affecting the delivery of ecosystem services
3: The mysterious life cycle of rust fungi
4: Tree rust classification and identification: DNA-based taxonomy to the rescue
5: Host-pathogen interactions in rust fungi: A very intimate affair
6: The megagenomes of rust fungi
7: Effectors are essential to rust infection
8: Natural resistance could help manage rust diseases
9: Rusts never sleep
10: Study questions
References
Chapter 13: Ash dieback
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Etiology, symptoms, disease cycle, geographic range, dispersal, and hosts
3: Host tolerance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus as a basis for adaption and breeding of ash
4: Ecological impact of ash dieback and epidemiology
5: The role of the ash microbiota and Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mycoviruses on ash dieback
6: Conclusions
7: Exercises or study questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Temperate Oak Declines: Biotic and abiotic predisposition drivers
Abstract
Dedication
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Decline as a concept and proposed amendments to these concepts
3: Symptoms of Decline
4: Key environmental predisposition drivers in Oak Declines
5: Case study: Acute Oak Decline (AOD)
6: Conclusion
7: Study questions
References
Part V: Stem and shoot pathogens of trees (case examples)
Chapter 15: Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death in Hawai‘i
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: A new disease of ‘ōhi‘a
3: Development of ROD symptoms on ‘ōhi‘a trees
4: How the pathogen has been dispersed on Hawai‘i Island
5: The spread to the other islands
6: Monitoring of the spread of the disease
7: Effects of ROD on ‘ōhi‘a forests
8: Economic impacts of ROD
9: Managing the spread of the pathogens
10: Management of ‘ōhi‘a forests
11: Regeneration of ‘ōhi‘a following ROD
12: Disease resistance
13: Future activities
14: Conclusions
15: Exercises or study questions
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 16: Dutch elm disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Components of Dutch elm disease
3: Origin of Dutch elm disease
4: What happens in trees with Dutch elm disease
5: How do Dutch elm disease pathogens kill their host?
6: The saprotrophic phase is an important part of the life cycle of DED fungi
7: Why were Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi so successful?
8: Managing Dutch elm disease
9: New avenues for research, control, and management of Dutch elm disease
10: Conclusion
11: Exercises or study questions
References
Chapter 17: Diseases of chestnut trees
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chestnut ink disease: A misnamed and old pandemic disease, still on the rise
3: Chestnut blight
4: Other diseases of chestnut trees
5: What is the future for chestnut forests in the face of ink disease and chestnut blight? How can we mitigate the threats?
6: Exercises or study questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 18: Pine pitch canker (PPC): An introduction, an overview
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Taxonomy of Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell
3: Diagnostic in PPC
4: Worldwide distribution of PPC
5: Pathways of disease dispersal: Natural and local or human assistance and long distance spread
6: Ecological impact of PPC
7: Host resistance against the PPC
8: Recent information on molecular and omics studies of PPC
9: Ecofriendly/integrated management
10: New perspectives in PPC: Management/future prospects
11: Questions
References
Part VI: Root diseases (pathogens) (case examples)
Chapter 19: Heterobasidion annosum s.l.: Biology, genomics, and pathogenicity factors
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Biology, taxonomy, and phylogeny
3: Host range and geographical distribution of Heterobasidion annosum s.l.
4: Life cycle and etiology
5: Ecological impact of the disease
6: Biochemical, molecular, and genomic studies on Heterobasidion-conifer pathosystem
7: Challenges and future perspectives
8: Study questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 20: Armillaria root diseases of diverse trees in wide-spread global regions
Abstract
1: Species and identification
2: Life cycle and spread
3: Geographic distribution, host range, and impact (or damage)
4: Symptoms and signs
5: Ecological function
6: Interactions between Armillaria and insects
7: Armillaria and climate change
8: Molecular and genomic studies
9: Management
10: Concluding remarks
11: Exercises or study questions
References
Chapter 21: Phytophthora diseases
Abstract
1: Austrocedrus root disease (ARD) in Argentina and Juniperus communis decline in the UK
2: Kauri decline disease
3: Port-Orford cedar (POC) decline in the USA and Europe
4: Chestnut ink disease in Europe, America, and Asia
5: “La Seca,” Mediterranean evergreen oaks decline
6: Alder decline
7: Sudden oak and sudden larch death
8: Decline of Australian ecosystems (Phytophthora dieback)
9: Additional Phytophthora diseases in forests
10: Exercises or study questions
References
Part VII: Beneficial microbes (mycorrhiza, saprotrophs)
Chapter 22: Mycorrhizas: Role in N and P cycling and nutrition of forest trees
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Organic N mineralization
3: Organic P mineralization
4: Conclusion and future perspectives
5: Study questions
References
Part VIII: Management of forest tree diseases
Chapter 23: Forest tree disease control and management
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chemical control
3: Biological control (case studies)
4: Use of genetic approach in disease management
5: Potential use of endophytes in managing forest tree diseases
6: Other measures
7: Concluding remarks
8: Exercises or study questions
References
Further reading
Index

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Fred O Asiegbu

Andriy Kovalchuk