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Forensic Anthropology
1st Edition - December 30, 2016
Editor: Max M. Houck
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780128022146
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 2 1 4 - 6
eBook ISBN:9780128025239
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 5 2 3 - 9
Forensic Anthropology serves as a graduate level text for those studying and teaching forensic anthropology, as well as an excellent reference for forensic anthropologist libraries…Read more
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Forensic Anthropology serves as a graduate level text for those studying and teaching forensic anthropology, as well as an excellent reference for forensic anthropologist libraries or for use in casework. Covers taphonomy, recovery and analysis, identification, statistical interpretation, and professional issues. Edited by a world-renowned leading forensic expert, the Advanced Forensic Science Series grew out of the recommendations from the 2009 NAS Report, Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward, and is a long overdue solution for the forensic science community.
Provides the basic principles of forensic science and an overview of forensic anthropology
Contains sections on taphonomy, recovery, analysis, pathology, and identification
Covers statistical interpretation of evidence using the classical-frequentist approach and Bayesian analysis, measurement uncertainty, and standard methods
Includes a section on professional issues, such as: from crime scene to court, expert witness testimony, and health and safety
Law enforcement, social service case workers, juvenile workers, child welfare workers and solicitors /prosecutors
Published and Forthcoming Titles in the Advanced Forensic Science Series
Senior Editor: Biography
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Section 1. Overview
Forensic Anthropology: An Introduction
See also
History of Forensic Anthropology
See also
Principles of Forensic Science
What Is Forensic Science?
The Trace as the Basic Unit of Forensic Science
Two Native Principles
Nonnative Principles
See also
Transfer
Introduction
Transfer
Factors Affecting Transfer
Differential Shedding
Primary and Secondary Transfer
Special Cases
Mechanism of Fiber Transfer
Fiber Transfer: A Dynamic Process
Fiber Transfer Modeling
Concluding Comments
See also
Interpretation/The Comparative Method
Introduction
Analogy and Comparison Within a Forensic Process
The Comparative Method Within Forensic Science
See also
Forensic Classification of Evidence
Introduction
Methods of Classification
Class-Level Information
Uniqueness and Individualization
Relationships and Context
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 2. Taphonomy
Introduction
Animal Effects on Bones
Introduction
Search and Recovery
Postmortem Interval Estimation
Assessment of Lesions and Cause of Death
See also
Forensic Taphonomy
Introduction
History and Development of the Role of Taphonomy in Forensic Anthropology
Time Since Death Estimation
Trends in Current Research
See also
Postmortem Interval
Entomology
Botany
Other Animal and Cultural Indicators
Tissue Morphology
Mummification
Adipocere
Chemical Approaches
Radiocarbon Analysis
See also
Early and Late Postmortem Changes
Introduction
Supravitality
Mechanical Excitability of the Muscle
Electrical Excitability of the Skeletal Muscle
Pharmacological Excitability of the Iris
Algor Mortis, Postmortem Body Cooling
Postmortem Changes
Preservation of Decomposing Bodies
Preservation Processes in Cadavers
See also
Estimation of the Time Since Death
Introduction
Temperature of Corpses
Rectal Temperature Time of Death Nomogram
Brain Temperature Time of Death Nomogram
Field Studies
Cooling Dummy
Compound Method
Further Methods
Putrefaction
Putrefaction in Water
Immunohistochemical Detection of Insulin, Thyroglobulin, and Calcitonin
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 3. Recovery
Introduction
Archeology
Background
Search
Recovery
Summary
See also
Packaging
Background
Paper as a Packaging Medium
Infested Material
Collection of Items
Labeling
Collection
Summary
Appendix 1 Collection and Packaging
Ammunition
Bite Marks
Suspect
Blood
Whole Blood
Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation
Cigarette Butts
Clothing
Documents
Fibers
Fire Debris
Firearms Discharge Residue
Projectile Hole in Clothing
Projectile Hole in Dead Skin
Glass
Hairs
Control Samples
Insects: Flies
Paint
Postmortem Samples
Safe Insulation and Safe Surface Paint
Saliva
Seminal Stains
Soil from Scene and Suspect's Clothing and/or Environment
Tools
Toolmark(s)
Vegetation
Wires
Notes
See also
Preservation
Preservation: A Time Frame Process
Threats to Evidence
See also
Recording
Background
Notes
Photographs
Digital Photography
Video Recording
Plans
Computer-Aided Design
Photogrammetry
Sketch Plan
Coordinate and Triangulation Methods of Measuring Crime Scenes
Procedure for Measuring Crime Scenes
Scale Plan
Computers
Summary
See also
Recovery of Human Remains
Introduction
First Officers on the Scene
Crime Scene Manager
Senior Investigating Officer
Forensic Scientist
Crime Scene Examiner/Photographer
Production/Exhibit Officer
Forensic Pathologist/Medical Examiner
Forensic Entomologist
Forensic Anthropologist
Forensic Archeology
Forensic Botany
Police Search Team
Scene Processing
Search Techniques
Recovery of Human Remains
Forensic Anthropology
Other Considerations at the Crime Scene
See also
Collection and Chain of Evidence
Introduction
Scene Examination
Evidence Collection
Control Samples
Chain of Custody
See also
Contamination
Definition
Background
Steps to Avoid Contamination
Choosing Who Should Examine the Scene (Location, Person, or Item)
Actions Within the Examination
The Use of Blanks and Controls
Demonstrating the Integrity of Items and Investigations
Conclusion
See also
Principles for the Organization of Forensic Support
Scope of Forensic Support
An Ideal Organizational Model?
Organizational Theory
Forensic Organizations—A Special Case?
Public versus Private Providers
People Are Our Most Valuable Asset!
Conclusions
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 4. Analysis
Introduction
Species: Human versus Nonhuman
Introduction
Method Selection
Methodologies
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Sexing
Introduction
Sexual Dimorphism
Sex Estimation in Subadults
The Adult Skeleton: Morphology
The Adult Skeleton: Metric Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Aging the Dead and the Living
Introduction
The Dead
The Living
Conclusions
See also
Stature and Build
Introduction
Measures of Body Build and Body Size
Methods of Stature Estimation
Stature Estimation from Long Bones
Stature Estimation from Percutaneous Bone Measurements and Body Parts
Stature Estimation from Radiographically Determined Long Bone Length
Stature Estimation from Small Bones and Other Bones of the Body
Estimation of Stature from Fragments of Bones
Secular Change and Variation in Limb Proportions in Relation to Stature in Different Populations
Factors Affecting Stature Estimation in Forensic Examinations and Making Population Standards and Databases
See also
Ancestry
Introduction
Resources
Why Do Ancestry Estimation?
Estimation from the Cranium
Estimation from the Postcranial Skeleton
Statistics and Probabilities
Conclusions and Future Directions
See also
Forensic Age Estimation
Introduction
Age Estimation in Adolescents and Young Adults
Age Diagnostics in Child Victims in Child Pornographic Image Documents
Age Diagnostics in Older Adults for Clarification of Pension Entitlements
Conclusions
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 5. Pathology
Introduction
Bone Pathology and Antemortem Trauma
Introduction
Bone Pathology
Antemortem Trauma
See also
Biomechanics of Bone Trauma
Introduction
Goals of Trauma Analysis
Bone Structure and Material Properties
Fracture Propagation and Fracture Types
See also
Bone Trauma
Introduction
Ante-, Peri-, or Postmortem Origin of the Bone Lesion
Biomechanics
Classification of the Bone Lesions
Long Bones
Other Locations
Gunshot Wounds
See also
Blunt Injury
Introduction
Blunt Injuries to the Integument
Head Injuries
Injuries of the Chest
Abdominal Injuries
Injuries to the Extremities
See also
Sharp Trauma
Introduction
Epidemiology
Wound Morphology and Biomechanics
Sequelae and Causes of Death
Homicide, Suicide, and Accident
Capability of Acting
See also
Gunshot Wounds
Introduction
Wound Ballistics
Criminalistic Aspects
Entrance and Exit Wounds
Classification of Entrance Wounds in Relation to the Range from Muzzle to Target
Contact Shots
Internal Findings
Forensic Examination and Documentation
Manner of Death
Injuries Caused by Explosives
See also
Torture
Introduction
Forms
Fingers
Hands and Arms
Foot and Leg
Head
Neck
Trunk
Electric Torture
Psychological Torture
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Ethics
Conclusion
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 6. Identification
Introduction
Identification of the Living
Glossary
Introduction
Facial Assessment
Further Features on the Skin, Hands, and Genitals
Appendix: Morphological Assessment of Facial Features: The DMV Atlas
See also
Facial Approximation
Introduction
Method History
Contemporary Methods
See also
Personal Identification in Forensic Anthropology
Introduction
Personal Identification
Types of Personal Identification
Methods of Scientific Identification
Possible Conclusions in a Scientific Identification
Methods Contributing to Identification
Conclusion
See also
Odontology
Definitions
The Nature of the Work
Why Is Dental Evidence So Good for Corroborating Identity?
When No Antemortem Records Exist
Interactions with Other Professionals
Bite Marks, Bruising, and Other Injuries to Skin
Other Skills
Summary
See also
Disaster Victim Identification
Introduction
Management of DVI
Principles of Identification
Methods of Identification
Evaluation of Identification Data
Conclusions
See also
The National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs)
Introduction
See also
Identification
Introduction
Part I. Unidentified Cadavers
Part II. Personal Identification: Comparison Between Antemortem and Postmortem Data
Conclusions
Well-Preserved Body
Putrefied, Burnt, Partly, or Completely Skeletonized Human Remains
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 7. Statistics and Interpretation
Introduction
The Frequentist Approach to Forensic Evidence Interpretation
Example
Range Tests
Formal Hypothesis Tests
Significance Levels and Small or Big Values
The Two-Sample t-Test
Confidence Intervals
Controversies and Issues
See also
Statistical Interpretation of Evidence: Bayesian Analysis
Introduction
Bayes' Rule
The Value of Evidence
Categorical Data and Discrete Hypotheses
Continuous Data and Discrete Hypotheses
Principles of Evidence Evaluation
Interpretation
Pitfalls of Intuition
See also
Forensic Intelligence
Introduction
Traces as Forensic Case Data, Sign, Information, Evidence, and Intelligence
Intelligence-Led Policing
Intelligence-Led Systems and Examples of Forensic Intelligence Activities
Limits of Forensic Intelligence and Requirements
Challenges and Tensions
Conclusion
See also
Forensic Intelligence Analysis
Intelligence Analysis and Forensic Science
What Is Forensic Intelligence Analysis?
Similarities between Forensic Science and Intelligence Analysis
Intelligence Failures
The Benefits of Structured Analytic Techniques
See also
Standard Methods
Introduction
Why Standards Are Required?
The United States National Academy of Sciences Report 2009
Global Standard Environment
Challenges in Developing Standards
See also
Measurement Uncertainty
Glossary
Measurement
Measurement to Meaning
The Meaning of Meaning
Measurement Uncertainty
Measurement Uncertainty: A Forensic Example
Determining Measurement Uncertainty
Meaning Requires Uncertainty
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Section 8. Professional Topics
Introduction
Crime Scene to Court
Introduction
Task
Models
Forensic Strategies
Integrated Case Management
Summary
See also
Expert Witness Qualifications and Testimony
Introduction
Selecting an Expert
Qualifications
Experience as an Expert Witness
Education and Training
Membership in Professional Associations
Increased Scrutiny of Experts
Weight of the Evidence
Conclusion
Forensic Laboratory Reports
Contents of a Report—A “Science” Standard
Contents of Report: Legal Standards
Reports: Stand-Alone Evidence or Support for a Testifying Expert
Ethical Considerations and Forensic Reports
Conclusion
See also
Legal Aspects of Forensic Science
Introduction
Chain of Custody: Collection, Transport, Handling, and Storage of Samples
Admissibility of Forensic Science
Expert Evidence at Trial
Appellate Review and Postconviction
Lay Assessment of Forensic Science
Plea Bargains and Interrogations
Wrongful Convictions
Expert Witness Immunity
See also
Health and Safety
Occupational Health and Safety Policy
Specific Laboratory Hazards
Hazards in the Field
See also
Ethics
Introduction
Forensic Science Ethics and Personal Ethics
Organizational Forensic Science Ethics
Basic Minimal Ethics and Aspirational Ethics
Codes of Ethics in Forensic Science Practice
Standards for Good Forensic Practice
Ethical Problems in the Forensic Sciences
Foundations of Ethics
Ethical Dilemmas
Conclusion
See also
Key Terms
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Index
No. of pages: 436
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: December 30, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128022146
eBook ISBN: 9780128025239
MH
Max M. Houck
Dr. Max M. Houck is an internationally-recognized forensic expert with research interests in forensic science, education, and the forensic enterprise and its industries. He has worked in all aspects of forensic science, including at the FBI Laboratory. Dr. Houck has published widely in books and peer-reviewed journals. His anthropology and trace evidence casework includes the Branch Davidian Investigation, the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon, the D.B. Cooper case, the US Embassy bombings in Africa, and the West Memphis Three case, among hundreds of others. He served for six years as the Chair of the Forensic Science Educational Program Accreditation Commission (FEPAC). Dr. Houck is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a founding Co-Editor of the journal Forensic Science Policy and Management.
Affiliations and expertise
Vice President, Forensic and Intelligence Services, LLC