Fish Physiology: Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes

Dedication

Contributors

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Preface

1. Organic Contaminants and Fish

1 Contaminants: A Short Historical Preamble

2 Contaminant Toxicokinetics in Fishes

3 Predicting Contaminant Movement in the Environment and Fish

4 Quantifying Contaminants and Exposures

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

2. Effects of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish—Current and Future Challenges

1 Introduction

2 Transformations of POPs in the Aquatic Environment

3 Endocrine Disruption

4 Effects on Early Development

5 Transgenerational Effects

6 Effects on Growth, Condition, and Energy Reserves

7 Effects on Reproduction

8 Immunotoxicity

9 Neoplasia and Related Pathological Conditions

10 Effects on Behavior, Including Foraging, Aggression, and Predator Avoidance

11 Risk Assessment Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

3. Organometal(loid)s

1 Introduction

2 Organic Mercury

3 Organoselenium

4 Organoarsenicals

5 Organotin Compounds

6 Other Organometal(LOID)S

7 Conclusions

References

4. Effects on Fish of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonS (PAHS) and Naphthenic Acid Exposures

1 Introduction

2 Transformations of PAHs in the Aquatic Environment

3 Hepatic Neoplasia and Related Lesions in Wild Fish

4 Effects on Reproduction

5 Effects on Embryonic and Larval Development

6 Transgenerational Effects

7 Other Effects with Consequences for Survival of Postlarval Stages

8 Naphthenic Acids as a New Concern

9 Future Directions

Acknowledgment

References

5. Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Fish

1 Introduction

2 EDC

3 Toxicokinetics

4 Mechanisms of Toxicity

5 Xenoestrogen Effects

6 Interactions with Other Toxic Agents

7 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions

References

6. Insecticide Toxicity in Fish

1 Abstract/Introduction

2 Background

3 Insecticide Classes

4 Organophosphates

5 Carbamates

6 Pyrethroids

7 Neonicotinoids

8 Phenylpyrazoles

9 Microbial-Based Insecticides

10 Insect Growth Regulators

11 Mixtures

12 Data Gaps

13 Summary

References

7. Effects of Herbicides on Fish

1 Introduction

2 Classification of Herbicides

3 Acute Lethality of Herbicides to Fish

4 Sublethal Effects of Herbicides in Fish

5 Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Fish

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

8. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: A Case Study on the Effects of Triclosan in Fish

1 Introduction

2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Triclosan, and Its Use as a Personal Care Product

3 Exposure in the Aquatic Environment

4 Kinetics and Metabolism of Triclosan

5 Toxicity of Triclosan

6 Reproductive and Developmental Effects

7 Effects of Triclosan on the Thyroid Axis

8 Interactions of Triclosan with Aryl Hydrocarbon and Ryanodine Receptors

9 Future Use of Triclosan and Related Environmental Issues

10 Conclusions and Knowledge Gaps

11 General Lessons Learned from the Case Study of Triclosan

Acknowledgment

References

9. Emerging Threats to Fishes: Engineered Organic Nanomaterials

1 Introduction

2 The Environmental Chemistry of Engineered Nanomaterials and Bioavailabily to Fishes

3 Acute Toxicity of Organic ENMs

4 Uptake Routes and Target Organs for Organic ENMs

5 Effects of Organic ENMs on the Physiological Systems of Fishes

6 Studies on Organic ENMs and Capping Agents

7 Nanocrystalline and Nanofibrillar Cellulosic Materials

8 Polymer-Coated ENMs in the Agricultural Sector

9 Key Needs in Environmental Risk Assessment of Organic ENMs

10 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

10. Handling Fish Mixture Exposures in Risk Assessment

1 Introduction

2 Fish and Mixtures

3 Principles of Risk and Impact Assessment of Chemicals and Mixtures

4 Cumulative Risk Assessment for Mixtures of Toxicants

5 Evidence for Mixture Impacts in the Field

6 Conclusions, Overview, and Summary

References

Index

Other volumes in the Fish Physiology Series