Fish Physiology: Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes, Volume 33

Dedication

Contributors

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Preface

1. Organic Contaminants and Fish

1 Contaminants: A Short Historical Preamble

2 Contaminant Toxicokinetics in Fishes

3 Predicting Contaminant Movement in the Environment and Fish

4 Quantifying Contaminants and Exposures

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

2. Effects of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish—Current and Future Challenges

1 Introduction

2 Transformations of POPs in the Aquatic Environment

3 Endocrine Disruption

4 Effects on Early Development

5 Transgenerational Effects

6 Effects on Growth, Condition, and Energy Reserves

7 Effects on Reproduction

8 Immunotoxicity

9 Neoplasia and Related Pathological Conditions

10 Effects on Behavior, Including Foraging, Aggression, and Predator Avoidance

11 Risk Assessment Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

3. Organometal(loid)s

1 Introduction

2 Organic Mercury

3 Organoselenium

4 Organoarsenicals

5 Organotin Compounds

6 Other Organometal(LOID)S

7 Conclusions

References

4. Effects on Fish of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonS (PAHS) and Naphthenic Acid Exposures

1 Introduction

2 Transformations of PAHs in the Aquatic Environment

3 Hepatic Neoplasia and Related Lesions in Wild Fish

4 Effects on Reproduction

5 Effects on Embryonic and Larval Development

6 Transgenerational Effects

7 Other Effects with Consequences for Survival of Postlarval Stages

8 Naphthenic Acids as a New Concern

9 Future Directions

Acknowledgment

References

5. Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Fish

1 Introduction

2 EDC

3 Toxicokinetics

4 Mechanisms of Toxicity

5 Xenoestrogen Effects

6 Interactions with Other Toxic Agents

7 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions

References

6. Insecticide Toxicity in Fish

1 Abstract/Introduction

2 Background

3 Insecticide Classes

4 Organophosphates

5 Carbamates

6 Pyrethroids

7 Neonicotinoids

8 Phenylpyrazoles

9 Microbial-Based Insecticides

10 Insect Growth Regulators

11 Mixtures

12 Data Gaps

13 Summary

References

7. Effects of Herbicides on Fish

1 Introduction

2 Classification of Herbicides

3 Acute Lethality of Herbicides to Fish

4 Sublethal Effects of Herbicides in Fish

5 Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Fish

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

8. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: A Case Study on the Effects of Triclosan in Fish

1 Introduction

2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Triclosan, and Its Use as a Personal Care Product

3 Exposure in the Aquatic Environment

4 Kinetics and Metabolism of Triclosan

5 Toxicity of Triclosan

6 Reproductive and Developmental Effects

7 Effects of Triclosan on the Thyroid Axis

8 Interactions of Triclosan with Aryl Hydrocarbon and Ryanodine Receptors

9 Future Use of Triclosan and Related Environmental Issues

10 Conclusions and Knowledge Gaps

11 General Lessons Learned from the Case Study of Triclosan

Acknowledgment

References

9. Emerging Threats to Fishes: Engineered Organic Nanomaterials

1 Introduction

2 The Environmental Chemistry of Engineered Nanomaterials and Bioavailabily to Fishes

3 Acute Toxicity of Organic ENMs

4 Uptake Routes and Target Organs for Organic ENMs

5 Effects of Organic ENMs on the Physiological Systems of Fishes

6 Studies on Organic ENMs and Capping Agents

7 Nanocrystalline and Nanofibrillar Cellulosic Materials

8 Polymer-Coated ENMs in the Agricultural Sector

9 Key Needs in Environmental Risk Assessment of Organic ENMs

10 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

10. Handling Fish Mixture Exposures in Risk Assessment

1 Introduction

2 Fish and Mixtures

3 Principles of Risk and Impact Assessment of Chemicals and Mixtures

4 Cumulative Risk Assessment for Mixtures of Toxicants

5 Evidence for Mixture Impacts in the Field

6 Conclusions, Overview, and Summary

References

Index

Other volumes in the Fish Physiology Series

Fish Physiology: Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes discusses the different types of organic chemical contaminants and their respective toxic effects in fish. The book also covers the detection of dissolved organic compounds and methods to assess organic toxicity. Substances addressed in this book include organometallics, hydrocarbons, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), insecticides, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals.

Fish are exposed to an ever-increasing array of organic chemicals that find their way into rivers and oceans. Some of these compounds are no longer being produced but nonetheless persist within the environment (persistent organic pollutants, or POPs). The exposure of fish to toxic organic compounds has potential impact on human, fish, and ecosystem health. Yet the regulations that govern environmental water quality vary worldwide, and compliance is never complete. This book provides a crucial resource on these issues for researchers in zoology, fish physiology, and related fields; applied researchers in environmental monitoring, conservation biology, and toxicology; and university-level students and instructors in these areas.

• Organized by type of toxic organic chemicals
• Includes metals, POPs, EDCs, herbicides, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals
• Measures toxicity in a variety of ways aside from lethality
• Probes the toxic effects of compound mixtures as well as single pollutants

Researchers in zoology, fish physiology, fisheries biology, comparative physiology, and ecology; applied researchers in environmental monitoring, conservation biology and toxicology; university-level students and instructors in these areas.