Fiber Bragg Gratings

1 Introduction

1.1 Historical Perspective
1.2 Materials for Glass Fibers
1.3 Origins of the Refractive Index of Glass
1.4 Overview of Chapters

2 Photosensitivity and Photosensitization of Optical Fibers

2.1 Photorefractivity and Photosensitivity
2.2 Defects in Glass
2.3 Detection of Defects
2.4 Photosensitization Techniques
2.5 Densification and Stress in Fibers
2.6 Summary of Photosensitive Mechanisms in Germanosilicate Fibers
2.7 Summary of Routes to Photosensitization
2.8 Chemical Composition Gratings

3 Fabrication of Bragg Gratings

3.1 Methods for Fiber Bragg Grating Fabrication
3.2 Tunable Phase Masks
3.3 Type II Gratings
3.4 Type IIA Gratings
3.5 Sources for Holographic Writing of Gratings

4 Theory of Fiber Bragg Gratings

4.1 Wave Propagation
4.2 Coupled-Mode Theory
4.3 Coupling of Counterpropagating Guided Modes
4.4 Codirectional Coupling
4.5 Polarization Couplers: Rocking Filters
4.6 Properties of Uniform Bragg Gratings
4.7 Radiation Mode Couplers
4.8 Grating Simulation
4.9 Multilayer Analysis
4.10 Grating Design

5 Apodization of Fiber Gratings 189

5.1 Apodization Shading Functions 190
5.2 Basic Principles and Methodology 193
5.3 Fabrication Requirements for Apodization and Chirp 212

6 Fiber Grating Band-Pass Filters

6.1 Distributed Feedback, Fabry–Perot, Superstructure, and Moire Gratings
6.2 The Fabry–Perot and Moire´ Band-Pass Filters
6.3 The Michelson Interferometer Band-Pass Filter
6.4 The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Band-Pass Filter
6.5 The Optical Circulator-Based OADM
6.6 The Polarizing Beam Splitter Band-Pass Filter
6.7 In-Coupler Bragg Grating Filters
6.8 Side-Tap and Long-Period Grating Band-Pass Filters
6.9 Polarization Rocking Band-Pass Filter
6.10 Mode Converters
6.11 Sagnac Loop Interferometer
6.12 Gires–Tournois Filters
6.13 Tunable Band-Pass Filters
6.14 LPG Filters

7 Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings

7.1 General Characteristics of Chirped Gratings
7.2 Chirped and Step-Chirped Gratings
7.3 Super-Step-Chirped Gratings
7.4 Polarization Mode Dispersion in Chirped Gratings
7.5 Systems Measurements with DCGs
7.6 Other Applications of Chirped Gratings

8 Fiber Grating Lasers and Amplifiers

8.1 Fiber Grating Semiconductor Lasers: The FGSL
8.2 Static and Dynamic Properties of FGLs
8.3 The Fiber Bragg Grating Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Laser
8.4 Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers
8.5 The Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser
8.6 Bragg Grating-Based Pulsed Sources
8.7 Fiber Grating Resonant Raman Amplifiers
8.8 Gain-Flattening and Clamping in Fiber Amplifiers
8.9 High-Powered Lasers and Amplifiers
8.10 Toward Higher-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers
8.11 Ultrahigh-Power Lasers and Amplifiers

9 Measurement and Characterization of Gratings

9.1 Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Spectra of Bragg Gratings
9.2 Perfect Bragg Gratings
9.3 Phase and Temporal Response of Bragg Gratings
9.4 Strength, Annealing, and Lifetime of Gratings

10 Principles of Optical Fiber Grating Sensors

10.1 Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings
10.2 Evanescent-Field Refractive Index Sensors
10.3 Long-Period Grating (LPG) Sensors
10.4 Applications of FBG Sensors
10.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects

11 Femtosecond-Induced Refractive Index Changes in Glass

11.1 Light Propagation in Glass
11.2 Conclusion

12 Poling of Glasses and Optical Fibers

12.1 Optical Poling
12.2 UV Poling
12.3 Thermal Poling of Glass
12.4 Characterization Techniques
12.5 Fundamental and Practical Issues
12.6 The Poling Process in Detail
12.7 Routes for Increasing the Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity
12.8 Poled Films and Waveguides
12.9 Poled Fibers
12.10 Conclusions