Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules

Preface

1. Evolutionary mechanism for biosynthesis of diverse molecules
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Models for evolutionary study
1.3 Evolution of secondary metabolite pathways
1.4 Cell fitness coupling for natural metabolite production
1.5 Chemical diversity of natural products
1.6 Occurrence of flavonoids in the plant kingdom
1.7 Biomolecular activity of secondary metabolites
1.8 Evolution of anticancer drug discovery
1.9 Factors influence the production of secondary metabolites
1.10 Future prospective
References

2. Impact of ploidy changes on secondary metabolites productions in plants
2.1 An introduction to ploids (or polyploids)
2.2 Morphological effects, meiotic and breeding behavior
2.3 Role of ploids (auto, allo and induced) in secondary metabolites production
2.4 Perspectives
References

3. Effect of climate change on plant secondary metabolism: An ecological perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evolutionary theory based on secondary metabolites
3.3 Effect of climate change on secondary metabolites
3.4 Impact of climate change on secondary metabolites of medicinal plants
3.5 The expression of secondary compounds in plants
3.6 Early stage of plant evolution
3.7 Environmental factors triggering the secondary metabolism
3.8 The regulation of plant secondary metabolism by interactions of heat shock and elevated CO2
3.9 Ecological roles of secondary metabolites
3.10 The ecosystem feedback of plant secondary metabolites for the climate change
3.11 Secondary metabolites as worthy asset for the biological system: Further support
3.12 Conclusions and future prospective
References

4. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from
natural resources: Metabolomics and molecular approaches
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metabolomics approach
4.3 Metabolomics technologies
4.4 Molecular approach
4.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References

5. Single-celled bacteria as tool for cancer therapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The anti-tumor effect through the release of bacterial substances
5.3 The anti-tumor effect through enhancement of human immunity
5.4 The anti-tumor effect through the production of biofilms
5.5 The anti-tumor effect through the use of viruses along with bacteria
5.6 The anti-tumor effect through bacteria-mediated anti-angiogenesis therapy
5.7 The anti-tumor effect through live tumor-targeting bacteria
5.8 The anti-tumor effect through the use of live bacteria as a tumor suppressor
5.9 The anti-tumor activity through the use of engineered bacteria
5.10 The anti-tumor activity of bacteria in combination with radiotherapy
5.11 The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through tumor-specific antigens and antibodies
5.12 The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene transfer
5.13 The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene silencing
5.14 The anti-tumor activity of bacteria through gene triggering strategies
5.15 Future prospective
References

6. Metabolic pathways for production of anticancer compounds in cyanobacteria
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Diversity and evolutionary significance of cyanobacteria
6.3 Exploration of secondary metabolites
6.4 Structural and functional diversity of anticancerous metabolites
6.5 Biosynthetic pathway
6.6 Future perspectives
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

7. Prophyletic origin of algae as potential repository of anticancer compounds
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metabolites or bioactive substances present in marine algae having anticancer properties
7.3 Anticancer therapy via apoptosis
7.4 Death receptor mediated pathway or extrinsic pathway
7.5 Other: A typical forms of cell death
7.6 Anticancer compound isolated from marine algae
7.7 Anticancer properties of reported marine algal family
7.8 Conclusions
References
Further reading

8. Metabolic versatility of fungi as a source for anticancer compounds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plant-fungal interactions and its metabolic diversity
8.3 Genetic aspects of plant-fungal interactions
8.4 Biochemical aspects of plant-fungal interactions
8.5 Signal transduction pathway in plant-fungal interactions
8.6 The potent anticancer compounds produced by terrestrial endophytic fungi
8.7 The potent anticancer compounds produced by deep-sea sediment fungi
8.8 The potent anticancer compounds produced by algaeassociated fungi
8.9 The potent anticancer compounds produced by mangrove endophytic fungi
8.10 The potent anticancer compounds produced by sponge associated fungi
8.11 Conclusion
References

9. Structural information of natural product metabolites in bryophytes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Exploration of bryophytes for medicinal usage
9.3 Bryophytes as a source of biologically active molecules
9.4 Different types of secondary metabolites found in bryophytes
9.5 Bioactive molecules from bryophytes reported with different pharmacological activities
9.6 Bryophytes as a potential biopharming agents
9.7 Chemical syntheses of bryophyte components
9.8 Biotechnological applications for effective utilization of bryophytes for therapy
9.9 Challenges and future prospects
9.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

10. Landscape of natural product diversity in land-plants as source for anticancer molecules
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Plant diversity and their anticancer potential
10.3 Microbial antitumor products
10.4 Anticancer property of fungi
10.5 Responses of cancer cells to the lichen compounds
10.6 Therapeutic potential of bryophytes against cancer
10.7 Ferns a treasury of anticancer agents
10.8 Anticancer property of gymnosperm
10.9 Anticancer potential of angiosperms
10.10 Conclusion
References

11. Anticancer natural product from marine invertebrates
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sponges
11.3 Cnidaria
11.4 Bryozoa
11.5 Molluscs
11.6 Echinoderms
11.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading

12. Melatonin: A scientific journey from the discovery in bovine pineal gland to a promising oncostatic agent: An evolutionary perspective
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Evolutionary history of melatonin
12.3 Synthesis of melatonin in animals
12.4 Synthesis of melatonin in plants
12.5 Role of melatonin in integrity of genome and DNA repair
12.6 Melatonin and telomerase activity
12.7 Conclusion
12.8 Challenge and future perspective
References

13. Spice up your food for cancer prevention: Cancer chemo-prevention by natural compounds from common dietary spices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Role of diet in cancer origin and progression
13.3 Anticancer activities of select spices used in daily diet
13.4 Concluding summary
Acknowledgments
References

14. Significance of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy
14.1 History of nutraceuticals
14.2 Drawbacks in conventional cancer treatments
14.3 Importance of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy
14.4 Various nutraceuticals and their application in cancer therapy
14.5 Conclusion and future prospective
References

15. Common techniques and methods for screening of natural products for developing of anticancer drugs
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Extraction of compounds
15.3 Fractionation
15.4 Purification
15.5 Crystallization
15.6 Chromatography
15.7 Physical methods for basic structure elucidation
15.8 Antioxidant assay
15.9 Single electron transfer
15.10 Hydrogen atom and single electron transfer
15.11 Chelation power of antioxidant
15.12 Lipid oxidation
15.13 Anticancer assay
15.14 Methods to detect ROS
15.15 Conclusion
References

Index