
Estrogen Effects on Traumatic Brain Injury
Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Repair
Description
Key Features
- Written to provide a foundational view of estrogens as neuroprotectors in TBI, appropriate for both researchers and advanced students
- Data Analysis boxes in each chapter help with data interpretation and offer guidelines on how best to understand results
- A multidisciplinary approach to the methods, issues, empirical findings in the field of estrogen mediated neuroprotection
- Detailed focus on how studies relate and build upon each other and the ways different methods of analysis inform each other
- Written to provide clinicians with new and developing treatment options for patients in their field
Readership
Graduate students in biological and biomedical sciences, post-doctoral fellows, researchers, neurologists, and clinicians
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Historical Antecedents
- Introduction
- The “INS AND OUTS” of TBI: An Overview
- A History of TBI from Antiquity Through the 19th Century
- From the Bench to the Clinic: TBI in the 20th and 21st Century
- Conclusions and Future Thoughts
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2. Estrogen Actions in the Brain
- Introduction
- Steroid Hormones
- Blood–Brain Barrier and Glial Cells
- Estradiol and Brain Sexual Differentiation
- Rapid Estrogen Signaling in the Brain
- Estrogen-Sensitive Brain Regions
- Neurotransmitter Systems
- Estrogens, Aging, and Neuroprotection
- Additional Physiological Effects of Estrogens on the Body
- Conclusions and New Directions
- References
Chapter 3. Induction of Estrogen Response Following Injury
- Introduction
- Reactive Gliosis Following Injury
- New Roles for Glial Cells as Steroid Synthesizing Cells
- Induction of Glial Aromatase Following Injury
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4. Astrocytic Aromatization and Injury
- Aromatase is Expressed in Astroglia
- What Induces Astrocytic Aromatase Expression?
- Glial Estrogen Synthesis and Neuroprotection
- Summary and Future Directions
- Further Reading
Chapter 5. Aromatase and Estrogens: Involvement in Constitutive and Regenerative Neurogenesis in Adult Zebrafish
- Introduction
- Unique Features Exhibited by the Brain of Teleost Fish
- Neurosteroid Synthesis and Signaling in the Brain of Adult Zebrafish
- Aromatase B Expression is Restricted to Radial Glia Acting Like Neural Stem Cells
- Involvement of Aromatase and Estrogens in Adult Neurogenesis and Brain Repair in Zebrafish
- Comparison with Mammalian and Nonmammalian Models
- Hypothesis and Perspectives for Estrogen Involvement in Neurogenesis Regarding New Advances in Zebrafish and New Literature in Mammals
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 6. Neuroprotection by Exogenous Estrogenic Compounds Following Traumatic Brain Injury
- Introduction
- Neuroprotective Steroids
- TBI Protection Strategies
- Role of Neuroactive Steroids in TBI
- Conclusion and Perspectives
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7. Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen Following Neural Injury
- Introduction
- Molecular Mechanism of Neurodegeneration and Apoptosis
- Estrogen Receptors: Types and Localization in the Brain
- Apoptotic and Neuroprotective Genes and Pathways Modulated by Estrogen
- Estrogens as Antioxidants
- Neural Injury and the Immune Response
- Estrogen and the Immune Response
- Estrogen and Traumatic Brain Injury
- Estrogen and Alzheimer’s Disease
- Estrogen and Ischemic Stroke
- Limitations/Future Directions
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 8. Neuroprotection with Estradiol in Experimental Perinatal Asphyxia: A New Approach
- Perinatal Asphyxia Overview
- Neuroprotective Role of Estradiol in Rat Models of Hypoxia
- Signaling Pathways of the Estradiol Neuroprotection
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 9. Cerebrovascular Stroke: Sex Differences and the Impact of Estrogens
- What is Stroke?
- Role of Estrogen
- Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Ischemic Stroke
- The Concept of Timing
- Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke Therapies
- Sex-Specific Guidelines for Stroke
- References
Chapter 10. Concluding Statements and Current Challenges
Product details
- No. of pages: 172
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 2015
- Published: December 29, 2014
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780128017074
- Hardcover ISBN: 9780128014790
About the Editor
Kelli Duncan
Affiliations and Expertise
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