Enzymes

Part 1: Structure and Function of Enzymes

1: An Introduction to Enzymes

• 1.1 WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
• 1.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENZYMES
• 1.3 THE NAMING AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1
• PROBLEMS

2: The Structure of Proteins

• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 AMINO ACIDS, THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
• 2.3 THE BASIS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
• 2.4 THE DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY STRUCTURE
• 2.5 THE DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
• 2.6 THE INVESTIGATION OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE IN SOLUTION
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2
• PROBLEMS

3: The Biosynthesis and Properties of Proteins

• 3.1 THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS
• 3.2 THE PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3
• PROBLEMS

4: Specificity of Enzyme Action

• 4.1 TYPES OF SPECIFICITY
• 4.2 THE ACTIVE SITE
• 4.3 THE FISCHER ‘LOCK-AND-KEY’ HYPOTHESIS
• 4.4 THE KOSHLAND ‘INDUCED-FIT’ HYPOTHESIS
• 4.5 HYPOTHESES INVOLVING STRAIN OR TRANSITION-STATE STABILIZATION
• 4.6 FURTHER COMMENTS ON SPECIFICITY
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4

5: Monomeric and Oligomeric Enzymes

• 5.1 MONOMERIC ENZYMES
• 5.2 OLIGOMERIC ENZYMES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5

Part 2: Kinetic and Chemical Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions

6: An Introduction to Bioenergetics, Catalysis and Kinetics

• 6.1 SOME CONCEPTS OF BIOENERGETICS
• 6.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• 6.3 KINETICS OF UNCATALYSED CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• 6.4 KINETICS OF ENZYME-CATALYSED REACTIONS: AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
• 6.5 METHODS USED FOR INVESTIGATING THE KINETICS OF ENZYME-CATALYSED REACTIONS
• 6.6 THE NATURE OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6
• PROBLEMS

7: Kinetics of Single-Substrate Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions

• 7.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INITIAL VELOCITY AND SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
• 7.2 RAPID-REACTION kINETICS
• 7.3 THE kING AND ALTMAN PROCEDURE
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 7
• PROBLEMS

8: Enzyme Inhibition

• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 REVERSIBLE INHIBITION
• 8.3 IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 8
• PROBLEMS

9: Kinetics of Multi-Substrate Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions

• 9.1 EXAMPLES OF POSSIBLE MECHANISMS
• 9.2 STEADY-STATE KINETICS
• 9.3 INVESTIGATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS USING STEADY-STATE METHODS
• 9.4 INVESTIGATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS USING NON-STEADY-STATE METHODS
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 9
• PROBLEMS

10: The Investigation of Active Site Structure

• 10.1 THE IDENTIFICATION OF BINDING SITES AND CATALYTIC SITES
• 10.2 THE INVESTIGATION OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF ACTIVE SITES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 10
• PROBLEM

11: The chemical nature of enzyme catalysis

• 11.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO REACTION MECHANISMS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• 11.2 MECHANISMS OF CATALYSIS
• 11.3 MECHANISMS OF REACTIONS CATALYSED BY ENZYMES WITHOUT COFACTORS
• 11.4 METAL-ACTIVATED ENZYMES AND METALLOENZYMES
• 11.5 THE INVOLVEMENT OF COENZYMES IN ENZYME-CATALYSED REACTIONS
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 11

12: The Binding of Ligands to Proteins

• 12.1 INTRODUCTION
• 12.2 THE BINDING OF A LIGAND TO A PROTEIN HAVING A SINGLE LIGAND-BINDING SITE
• 12.3 COOPERATIVITY
• 12.4 POSITIVE HOMOTROPIC COOPERATIVITY AND THE HILL EQUATION
• 12.5 THE ADAIR EQUATION FOR THE BINDING OF A LIGAND TO A PROTEIN HAVING TWO BINDING SITES FOR THAT LIGAND
• 12.6 THE ADAIR EQUATION FOR THE BINDING OF A LIGAND TO A PROTEIN HAVING THREE BINDING SITES FOR THAT LIGAND
• 12.7 THE ADAIR EQUATION FOR THE BINDING OF A LIGAND TO A PROTEIN HAVING FOUR BINDING SITES FOR THAT LIGAND
• 12.8 INVESTIGATION OF COOPERATIVE EFFECTS
• 12.9 THE BINDING OF OXYGEN TO HAEMOGLOBIN
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 12
• PROBLEMS

13: Sigmoidal Kinetics and Allosteric Enzymes

• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 THE MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX (MWC) MODEL
• 13.3 THE KOSHLAND-NÉMETHY-FILMER (KNF) MODEL
• 13.4 DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MODELS FOR COOPERATIVE BINDING IN PROTEINS
• 13.5 SIGMOIDAL KINETICS IN THE ABSENCE OF COOPERATIVE BINDING
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 13
• PROBLEMS

14: The Significance of Sigmoidal Behaviour

• 14.1 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF COOPERATIVE OXYGEN-BINDING BY HΔEMOGLOBIN
• 14.2 ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES AND METABOLIC REGULATION
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 14

Part 3: Application of Enzymology

15: Investigation of Enzymes in Biological Preparations

• 15.1 CHOICE OF PREPARATION FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF ENZYME CHARACTERISTICS
• 15.2 ENZYME ASSAY
• 15.3 INVESTIGATION OF SUB-CELLULAR COMPARTMENTATION OF ENZYMES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 15
• PROBLEM

16: Extraction and Purification of Enzymes

• 16.1 EXTRACTION OF ENZYMES
• 16.2 PURIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• 16.3 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF ENZYMES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 16
• PROBLEM

17: Enzymes as Analytical Reagents

• 17.1 THE VALUE OF ENZYMES AS ANALYTICAL REAGENTS
• 17.2 PRINCIPLES OF ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS
• 17.3 HANDLING ENZYMES AND COENZYMES
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 17
• PROBLEMS

18: Instrumental Techniques Available for Use in Enzymatic Analysis

• 18.1 PRINCIPLES OF THE AVAILABLE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
• 18.2 AUTOMATION IN ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS
• 18.3 HIGH-THROUGHPUT ASSAYS (HTA)
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 18

19: Applications of Enzymatic Analysis in Medicine, Forensic Science and Industry

• 19.1 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE
• 19.2 APPLICATIONS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
• 19.3 APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 19

20: Biotechnological Applications of Enzymes

• 20.1 LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• 20.2 IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES
• 20.3 ENZYME UTILIZATION IN INDUSTRY
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 20
• PROBLEMS

21: Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics

• 21.1 ENZYMES AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
• 21.2 PROTEOMICS
• 21.3 ENZYMES AND BIOINFORMATICS
• SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 21
• PROBLEMS

Answers to Problems
Abbreviations