Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides

Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides provides an overview of the state of knowledge in the major pesticidal subject areas and describes the efforts and approaches underway in solving or understanding these problems. The book emerged from the United States-Japan seminar on ""Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides"" held in Oiso, Japan, in October 1971. The purpose of the seminar was to discuss and exchange ideas and technology on the problems associated with pesticidal contamination in these two countries.
The book is organized into eight parts. Part I reviews pesticide use and contamination levels in Japan, the United States, and Britain. Part II examines the environmental impact of mercury. Part III presents studies on chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Part IV examines the effects of fungicides, herbicides, organophosphates, and carbamates. Part V deals with the microbial degradation of pesticides. Part VI examines the photodecomposition of pesticides. Part VII investigates the biological effects of pesticides on wildlife. Part VIII deals with the development of new pesticides.

Contributors

Preface

Part I. Introduction: Patterns of Pesticide Usage and Occurrence of Residues

Impact of Pesticide Use on the Japanese Environment

Current Pesticide Situation in the United States

Pesticides in Britain

Part II. Mercury Transformation in the Environment

Microbial Conversion of Mercury Compounds

Research on the Distribution and Accumulation of Organomercurials in Animal Bodies

Human Toxicology of Mercury

Residue Analysis of Organomercury Fungicides Sprayed on Rice Plants

Part III. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in the Environment

Factors Related to Bioconcentration of Pesticides

BHC Residues in the Environment

Contamination of Milk with Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides

Long-Distance Transport of Pesticides

Part IV. Fungicides, Herbicides, Organophosphates, and Carbamates

Phytotoxic Metabolites of Pentachlorobenzyl Alcohol

Metabolism of Organophosphorus Insecticides in Plants

Degradation of Organophosphorus Fungicides

Metabolism of Pesticides in Higher Plants

Part V. Microbial Influence on Pesticide Degradation

Microbial Degradation of Pesticides

Degradation of Several Herbicides in Soils under Different Conditions

Ecological Aspects of Pesticide-Microbial Relationships

Part VI. Photodecomposition of Pesticides

Photonucleophilic Reactions of Pesticides

The Photochemistry of Several Pesticides

Role of Photosensitizers in Alteration of Pesticide Residues in Sunlight

Part VII. Toxic Effect of Pesticide Residues on Wildlife

Ecosystemic Transferal of Pesticides Residues in an Aquatic Environment

Effects of Pesticides on Fish and Wildlife

Studies of Insecticide Detoxication in Invertebrates: An Enzymological Approach to the Problem of Biological Magnification

Biological Effects of Toxic Pesticidal Contaminants and Terminal Residues

Spectral Changes of Chloroplasts as a Means to Examine Phytotoxic Effects of Pesticides

Part VIII. Design of New Pesticides

The Feasibility of Insect Control Utilizing a Sex Pheromone: Study on Female Sex Pheromones of Cadra, Plodia, and Anagasta

A New Approach in the Development of Biodegradable Pesticides

Environmental Evaluation of Systemic Fungicides

Subject Index