Environmental Engineering
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Environmental Engineering, Second Edition is an introductory book on environmental engineering, which includes materials important to environmental engineers: water resources, air quality, solid and hazardous wastes (including radioactive waste), noise, and social and ethical considerations. The text begins with a short introduction on the roots of environmental engineering and presents the concept of risk and safety. The following chapters are devoted to discussions on such topics as sources of water pollution, measurement of water quality, wastewater treatment, quantities and characteristics of municipal solid waste, and solid and hazardous waste law. The types of air pollutants, air pollution control, and noise measurement and control are dealt with in detail as well. The last chapter covers the topic on environmental ethics. This book will be of use to junior or senior level engineering students.
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Environmental Engineering
Civil Engineering
Public Health
Ecology
Ethics
Environmental Engineering as a Profession
2. Risk Analysis
Risk
Expression of Risk
Assessment of Risk
Exposure and Latency
Dose-Response Evaluation
Population Responses
Problems
3. Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Elements of Aquatic Ecology
Biodegradation
Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition
Effect of Pollution on Streams
Effect of Pollution on Lakes
Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances
Effect of Pollution on Oceans
Conclusion
Problems
4. Measurement of Water Quality
Sampling
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Turbidity
Color and Odor
pH
Solids
Nitrogen
Phosphates
Bacteriological Measurements
Viruses
Heavy Metals
Trace Toxic Organics
Conclusion
Problems
5. Water Supply
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Availability
Groundwater Supplies
Surface Water Supplies
Water Transmission
Elements of Closed-Conduit Hydraulics
Closed-Conduit Flow
Pumps and Pumping
Pump Characteristic Curves
System Head Curves
Operating Head and Discharge
Conclusion
Problems
6. Water Treatment
Coagulation and Flocculation
Settling
Filtration
Disinfection
Conclusion
Problems
7. Collection of Wastewater
Estimating Wastewater Quantities
System Layout
Sewer Hydraulics
Conclusion
Problems
8. Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Characteristics
Onsite Wastewater Disposal
Central Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Settling Tank Design and Operation
Secondary Treatment
Biological Process Dynamics Applied to the Activated Sludge System
Tertiary Treatment
Conclusion
Problems
9. Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Sources of Sludge
Characteristics of Sludges
Sludge Treatment
Sludge Stabilization
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Dewatering
Ultimate Disposal
Conclusion
Problems
10. Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
The Runoff Process
The Art and Science of Developing and Applying Loading Functions for Sediment Detachment and Transport
Control Technologies Applicable to Nonpoint Source Pollution
Agriculture
Silviculture
Construction
Mining
Urban Stormwater Runoff
Conclusion
Problems
11. Water Pollution Law
Common Law
Statutory Law
Pretreatment Guidelines
Drinking Water Standards
Conclusion
Problems
12. Solid Waste
Quantities and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Collection
Disposal Options
Litter
Conclusion
Problems
13. Solid Waste Disposal
Disposal of Unprocessed Refuse
Volume Reduction Before Disposal
Conclusion
Problems
14. Resource Recovery
Source Separation
Solid Waste Separation Processes
Size Reduction
Shredder Performance and Design
General Expressions for Materials Recovery
Screens
Air Classifiers
Magnets
Other Separation Equipment
Energy Recovery from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
Conclusion
Problems
15. Hazardous Waste
Magnitude of the Problem
Waste Processing and Handling
Transportation of Hazardous Wastes
Resource Recovery Alternatives
Information Clearinghouses
Materials Exchanges
Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
Siting Considerations
Incinerators
Landfills
Conclusion
Problems
16. Radioactive Waste
Radiation
Radioactive Decay
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation
Units for Measuring Radiation
Measuring Radiation
Health Effects
Sources of Radioactive Waste
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Reprocessing Waste
Other Reactor Waste
Other Sources of Radioactive Waste
Movement Through the Environment
Radioactive Waste Management
High-Level Radioactive Waste
TRU Waste
Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Conclusions
Problems
17. Solid and Hazardous Waste Law
Nonhazardous Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Conclusion
Problems
18. Air Pollution
Types of Air Pollutants
Gaseous Pollutants
Particulate Pollutants
The Greenhouse Effect
Sources of Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Primary and Secondary Sources
Ozone (Photochemical Oxidant)
Acid Rain
Suspended Particulate Matter
Lead
Hazardous Substances
Health Effects
The Respiratory System
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate Matter
Effects on Vegetation
Effects on Domestic Animals
Effects on Materials
Effects on Atmosphere
Conclusion
Problems
19. Meteorology and Air Quality
Basic Meteorology
Horizontal Dispersion of Pollutants
Vertical Dispersion of Pollutants
Effect of Water in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Dispersion
Cleansing the Atmosphere
Gravity
Surface Sink
Precipitation
Conclusion
Problems
20. Measurement of Air Quality
Measurement of Particulates
Measurement of Gases
Reference Methods
Grab Samples
Stack Sampling
Smoke and Opacity
Conclusion
Problems
21. Air Pollution Control
Source Correction
Collection of Pollutants
Cooling
Treatment
Settling Chambers
Cyclones
Bag (or Fabric) Filters
Wet Collectors
Electrostatic Precipitators
Comparison of Particulate Control Devices
Control of Gaseous Pollutants
Control of Sulfur Oxides
Control of Nitrogen Oxides
Control of Volatile Organics and Odors
Control of Moving Sources
Conclusion
Problems
22. Air Pollution Law
Air Quality and Common Law
Tort Law
Property Law
Statutory Law
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Regulation of Emissions
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Mobile Sources
Nonattainment
Problems of Implementation
Conclusion
Problems
23. Noise Pollution
The Concept of Sound
Sound Pressure Level, Frequency, and Propagation
The Acoustic Environment
Health Effects of Noise
The Dollar Cost of Noise
Degradation of Environmental Quality
Conclusion
Problems
24. Noise Measurement and Control
Sound Level
Measuring Transient Noise
Noise Control
Industrial Noise Control
Community Noise Control
Noise in the Home
Conclusion
Problems
25. Environmental Impact and Economic Assessment
Environmental Impact
Environmental Inventories
Environmental Assessment
Evaluation
Socioeconomic Impact Assessment
Financing of Capital Expenditures
Increases in User Charges
Sociological Impacts
Conclusions
Problems
26. The Environmental Ethic
Causes of the Problem of Our Incompatibility with Nature
Religion as the Cause
Social Structure as the Cause
Science and Technology as the Cause
Resolution of Environmental Conflicts
The Future of the Environmental Ethic
Problems
Appendix : Conversion Factors
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 560
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1988
- Published: March 17, 1988
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483162621
About the Authors
P Aarne Vesilind
Affiliations and Expertise
Duke University, North Carolina USA
J. Jeffrey Peirce
Affiliations and Expertise
Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University, North Carolina USA