Environmental Chemistry
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Environmental Chemistry concerns with the broad interpretation on what environmental chemistry is and discusses chemistry in relation to environmental topics. The book is divided into seven parts. Part I discusses the origins of different elements and interstellar molecules; the development of the earth; and the chemical evolution of life. Part II talks about energy and its theoretical treatment; the origin, development, and problems related to fossil fuels; and the developing energy sources, including storage, distribution, and conservation. Part III discusses the air; the structure and properties of the atmosphere; and air pollution in relation to different industries and transportation. Mineral resources and solid wastes are tackled in Part IV, and the principles and treatment of water are explained in Part V. Part VI discusses the sustenance of life, amino acids, and the control of toxins, and Part VII studies the relationship of science, ethics, and ecology. The text is good for those in the field of chemistry and wish to understand the importance of their field to the environment, and for environmentalists and ecologists who want to know the relationship of chemistry with their studies.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
I Origins
1 Origin of the Elements and Interstellar Molecules
1.1 Nucleosynthesis of the Elements
1.2 Interstellar Atoms and Molecules
Exercises
2 The Development of the Solid Earth
2.1 Formation of the Earth
2.2 The Loss of Gaseous Elements
2.3 The Primary Differentiation of the Elements
2.4 Secondary Differentiation of the Elements
2.5 Concentration of the Elements into Ores
2.6 Relationship of Ores to Average Crustal Abundance
Exercises
3 Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life
3.1 The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere of Primitive Earth
3.2 Synthesis of Building Block Molecules
3.3 The Importance of "Reactive Compounds"
3.4 Formation of Biopolymers
3.5 Appearance of Living Cells
3.6 The Second Stage of Atmospheric Evolution
3.7 The Third Stage of Atmospheric Evolution
3.8 The Nonproblem of Catastrophic Dioxygen Depletion
3.9 Conclusions
Exercises
Suggested Readings
II Energy
4 Theoretical Treatment of Energy
4.1 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
4.2 Entropy Pollution and Free Energy
4.3 Converting Heat to Work — Reversible Processes
4.4 Converting Heat to Work — Carnot Efficiency
4.5 Conversion of Matter into More Useful Forms — Aluminum from Bauxite
4.6 The Improbability of Life in a Universe at Equilibrium
4.7 Steady-State, Nonequilibrium Systems
4.8 Material Flows — Biogeochemical Cycles
4.9 Maximizing the Degree of Order in a Steady-State, Nonequilibrium System
Exercises
5 Fossil Fuels
5.1 Origin and Development of Coal
5.2 Coal-Fired Power Plants
5.3 Cleaner Coal Combustion
5.4 Origin and Reserves of Petroleum and Natural Gas
5.5 Composition and Classification of Petroleum
5.6 Petroleum Refining
5.7 Environmental Problems Associated with Petroleum
Exercises
6 Newly Developing Energy Sources
6.1 Nuclear Fission Reactors
6.2 Fission Power and the Environment
6.3 Fusion Power
6.4 Solar Energy —Thermal Collection
6.5 Solar Energy — Electronic Collection
6.6 Photosynthesis
6.7 Tidal and Geothermal Energy
Exercises
7 Storage, Distribution, and Conservation of Energy
7.1 Synthetic Chemical Fuels—The H2 Economy
7.2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion
7.3 Net Energy
7.4 Conservation of Free Energy
7.5 The Energy Balance of the Earth
Exercises
Suggested Readings
III Air
8 The Atmosphere
8.1 Structure and Properties of the Atmosphere
8.2 Temperature Inversion and Air Pollution Episodes
8.3 Atmospheric Photochemistry
8.4 Possible Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
8.5 Natural versus Polluted Air
Exercises
9 Air Pollution —Industry and Energy Related
9.1 Particulate Matter
9.2 Analysis and Control of Particulates
9.3 Sulfur Oxides
9.4 Effects of Sulfur Oxides and Particulates
9.5 Control Technology for Sulfur Oxides
9.6 Other Industrial Air Pollutants
Exercises
10 Air Pollution—Transportation Related
10.1 Carbon Monoxide
10.2 Nitrogen Oxides, NOx
10.3 Photochemical Smog
10.4 Airborne Lead
10.5 Control of Automobile Emissions
10.6 Alternatives to the Otto Cycle Engine
Exercises
Suggested Readings
IV Earth
11 Mineral Resources
11.1 Estimating Reserves of Mineral Resources
11.2 Extraction of Metals — General Principles
11.3 Iron
11.4 Steel
11.5 Aluminum
11.6 Copper
11.7 Other Metals
11.8 Calcium and Magnesium Minerals
11.9 Silicates - Sand, Stone, and Gravel
11.10 Sulfur
11.11 Phosphorus
11.12 Nitrogen
Exercises
12 Clay Minerals and Soil
12.1 Weathering of Silicates
12.2 Secondary Clay Minerals
12.3 Commercial Uses of Clays
12.4 Organic Matter
12.5 Soil Nutrients
12.6 Ion Exchange in Soils
12.7 Soil pH and Nutrient Availability
12.8 Soil Management
12.9 Detoxification of Wastes
Exercises
13 Solid Wastes
13.1 Population × Affluence × Technology
13.2 Municipal Wastes
13.3 Reclamation, Recycling, and Reuse
13.4 The Entropy Ethic and Solid Wastes
Exercises
Suggested Readings
V Water
14 Water—General Principles
14.1 Unique Physical and Chemical Properties
14.2 Criteria of Water Quality
14.3 Natural Water — Eutrophication
14.4 Detergents and Phosphates
Exercises
15 Municipal Wastewater Treatment
15.1 The Importance of Microorganisms in Water Purification
15.2 Primary and Secondary Treatment
15.3 Tertiary or Advanced Wastewater Treatment
15.4 Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
15.5 Disposal of Treated Wastewater in Soils
Exercises
16 Industrial Wastewater
16.1 Sources of Industrial Water Pollution
16.2 Heavy Metals
16.3 Mercury
16.4 Detection and Abatement of Mercury Pollution
16.5 Paper Mills
16.6 Abatement of Paper Mill Pollution
Exercises
Suggested Readings
VI Life
17 Toxic Substances
17.1 Lipids
17.2 Detoxification of Foreign Substances
17.3 Enzyme Activation and Inhibition
17.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Teratogenesis
17.5 Classification of Toxic Substances
17.6 The Vinyl Chloride Episode
17.7 Control of Toxic Substances in the Environment
Exercises
18 The Sustenance of Life
18.1 Food Quality
18.2 The Green Revolution
18.3 Pest Control
18.4 Persistence of Pesticides
18.5 Toxicity of Pesticides
18.6 Mode of Action of Pesticides
18.7 Integrated Pest Management
18.8 Energy and Agriculture
Exercises
Suggested Readings
VII Science, Ethics, and Ecology
Suggested Readings
Appendix The Environmental Literature
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 516
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1976
- Published: January 1, 1976
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323147422