Engineering Principles for Electrical Technicians

AcknowledgmentsIntroductionSymbols, Units and Abbreviations1. Forces and Equilibrium 1.1Types of Force 1.2. Unit of Force 1.3. Effects of Forces 1.4. Equilibrium of Forces 1.5. Scalar and Vector Quantities 1.6. Representation of a Force 1.7. Addition of Forces; Resultant and Equilibrant 1.8. Vector Representation of Forces in Equilibrium 1.9. Resolution of Forces 1.10. Turning Effects of Forces 1.11. Unit of Moment 1.12. Principle of Moments 1.13. Beam Reactions 1.14. Friction2. Center of Gravity 2.1. Definition 2.2. Calculation of Center of Area 2.3. Stability3. Work, Power and Energy 3.1. Work 3.2. Units of Work and Energy 3.3. Work Diagram 3.4. Work Done in Rotation 3.5. Radian 3.6. Power 3.7. Horsepower Transmitted in Rotation 3.8. Measurement of Brake Horsepower for An Engine Or Motor 3.9. Simple Rope Brake 3.10. Energy 3.11. Potential Energy 3.12. Kinetic Energy 3.13. Conservation of Energy 3.14. Efficiency of Conversion 3.15. Evaluation of Potential Energy 3.16. Evaluation of Kinetic Energy Due to Linear Motion 3.17. Evaluation of Kinetic Energy Due to Rotation4. Simple Machines 4.1. Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency 4.2. Simple Machine Elements5. Motion and Inertia 5.1. Motion 5.2. Speed-Time Graphs 5.3. Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line 5.4. Motion under The Action of Gravity 5.5. Angular Motion 5.6. Momentum, Inertia, Mass, and Weight 5.7. Systems of Units 5.8. Comparison of Units6 Elasticity 6.1. Hooke's Law 6.2. Stress 6.3. Strain 6.4. Young's Modulus of Elasticity 6.5. Maximum Stress 6.6. Factor of Safety 6.7. Material Behavior7. Heat 7.1. Temperature 7.2. Conversion of Scales 7.3. Thermocouples 7.4. Radiation Pyrometer 7.5. Optical Pyrometer 7.6. Expansion of Solids by Heat 7.7. Thermostats 7.8. Transfer of Heat: Radiation, Conduction, Convection 7.9. Measurement of Heat Energy 7.10. Quantity of Heat 7.11. Specific Heat 7.12. Water Equivalent8. States of Matter and Changes of State 8.1. States of Matter 8.2. Changes of State 8.3. Change of Boiling Point of Water with Pressure 8.4. Absolute Pressure 8.5. Sensible Or Liquid Heat 8.6. Latent Heat of Steam 8.7. Total Heat9. Electrical Properties of Materials 9.1. Protons and Electrons 9.2. Conductors, Insulators, and Resistors 9.3. The Direction of Current 9.4. Insulating Materials 9.5. The Heating Effect of An Electric Current10. Introduction to Electrical Units and Circuits 10.1. Coulombs and Amperes 10.2. Electromotive Force 10.3. Potential Difference 10.4. Measurement of Current and Voltage 10.5. Electrical Units of Power 10.6. The Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy 10.7. The Joule Or Newton-Meter 10.8. Unit of Mass in the Rationalized M.K.S. System 10.9. Heat Energy 10.10. Ohm's Law 10.11. Further Expressions for Power and Energy 10.12. Effect of Length on the Resistance of a Piece of Wire 10.13. Effect of the Cross-Sectional Area of a Wire on Its Resistance 10.14. Resistivity 10.15. Effect of Temperature on Resistance 10.16. Variation of the Resistance of a Metal Filament Lamp 10.17. Variation of the Resistance of a Carbon Filament Lamp 10.18. Tests on a Piece of Metrosil 10.19. Use of a Variable Resistor as a Potential Divider11. Resistors in Series and Parallel 11.1. Resistors in Series 11.2. Resistors in Parallel 11.3. Mixed Series and Parallel Circuits12. Primary and Secondary Cells 12.1. Primary Cells 12.2. The Wet Leclanché Cell 12.3. The Dry Leclanché Cell 12.4. Connection of Cells 12.5. The Standard Cell 12.6. The Mallory Mercury Cell 12.7. Secondary Or Storage Cells (Accumulators) 12.8. The Lead-Acid Cell 12.9. Measurement of the Internal Resistance of a Battery 12.10. Power Output of a Source of E.M.F. 12.11. The Nickelcadmium Alkaline Cell 12.12. Efficiency of Batteries 12.13. The Chemical Effect of An Electric Current 12.14. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis13. Magnetism 13.1. Introduction 13.2. The Bar Magnet 13.3. Force between Magnetic Poles 13.4. The Magnetic Field 13.5. The Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current 13.6. Electromagnets 13.7. Electromagnetic Induction 13.8. Lenzes Law 13.9. E.M.F. Induced in a Coil 13.10. Unit of Magnetic Flux 13.11. Unit of Magnetic Flux Density 13.12. Principle of the Transformer 13.13. E.M.F. Induced in a Moving Conductor 13.14. Force on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field 13.15. Fleming's Hand Rules 13.16. Magnetomotive Force (M.M.F.) 13.17. Magnetizing Force 13.18. Permeability of Free Space 13.19. Relative Permeability 13.20. Relationship between Flux and M.M.F. 13.21. Use of the Magnetization Curve 13.22. Magnetic Hysteresis 13.23. Inductance of a Coil Having a Non-Magnetic Core 13.24. The Effects of Applying a Voltage to a Coil 13.25. Mutual Inductance 13.26. Force between Parallel Conductors Carrying Current 13.27. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field14. Torque Production 14.1. General15. Indicating Instruments 15.1. Moving-Coil Instruments 15.2.The Moving-Coil Instrument as Ammeter Or Voltmeter 15.3. Moving-Iron Instruments 15.4. Extension of Current and Voltage Ranges for A.C. Operation 15.5. Effect of Frequency on the Operation of Moving-Coil and Moving-Iron Instruments 15.6. Choice of Voltmeter 15.7. The Wheat Stone Bridge 15.8. a Commercial Wheat Stone Bridge 15.9. Effect of Ratio Arms on Resistance Measurement16. Kirchhoff's Laws 16.1. General 16.2. Conventions17. D.C. Two-Wire Distributors 17.1. General18. Capacitors 18.1. General 18.2. Capacitors in Series 18.3. Capacitors in Parallel 18.4. Electric Field Strength 18.5. Electric Charge Density 18.6. Permittivity of Free Space 18.7. Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor 18.8. Relative Permittivity 18.9. Multiplate Capacitor 18.10. Maximum Working Voltage of a Capacito 18.11. Energy Stored in an Electric Field19. Alternating Currents 19.1. Representation of Pole Systems 19.2. Generation of E.M.Fi 19.3. E.M.F. Waveform 19.4. Frequency 19.5. Multipolar Machine 19.6. Electrical and Mechanical Degrees 19.7. The Simple Alternator 19.8. Generation of a Sinusoidal E.M.F. 19.9. Average Value of a Waveform 19.10. Effective (Or R.M.S.) Value of a Waveform 19.11. Form Factor 19.12. Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage Applied to a Pure Resistor 19.13. Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage Applied to a Pure Inductor 19.14. E.M.F. Equation for a Pure Inductor 19.15. Inductive Reactance 19.16. Angular Velocity 19.17. Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 19.18. Capacitive Reactanc 19.19. Power in Alternating Current Circuits 19.20. Volt-Amperes, Power, and Power Factor 19.21. Vector Or Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Alternating Quantities 19.22. Resistor and Inductor in Series 19.23. Resistor and Capacitor in Series 19.24. A.C. and D.C. Voltages Applied to a Coil 19.25. The Dynamometer Wattmeter20. Rectifiers 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Copper Oxide Rectifier 20.3. Selenium Rectifier 20.4. Semiconductor Point Contact Rectifiers 20.5. Junction Diode Rectifiers 20.6. Comparison of Rectifier 20.7. Protection of Rectifiers 20.8. Current and Voltage Outputs 20.9. Thyristors 20.10. Rectifier Circuits 20.11. Transistors21. Electric Cables 21.1. General 21.2. Types of Insulation (Rubber) 21.3. Types of Insulation (Thermoplastics) 21.4. Other Types of Insulated Cables22. Fuses 22.1. General23. Thermionic Emission 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Space Charge 23.3. Experimental Determination of Diode Characteristics 23.4. Valve resistances