Engineering Geology

Engineering Geology attempts to provide an understanding of relations between the geology of a building site and the engineering structure. It presents examples taken from real-life experience and practice to provide evidence for the significance of engineering geology in planning, design, construction, and maintenance of engineering structures.
The book begins with an introduction of geological investigations, distinguishing between the reconnaissance investigation, the detailed investigation, and investigation during construction. It then explains the significance of geological maps and sections; the mechanical behavior of rocks; subsurface investigation for engineering construction; and geophysical methods. The remaining chapters discuss the physical and chemical weathering of rocks; slope movements; and geological investigations for buildings, roads and railways, tunnels, and hydraulic structures.
This book is intended particularly for civil engineering students and students of engineering geology in the university faculties of natural sciences. It describes geological features so as to be comprehensible to Technical College students and to explain construction problems intelligibly for geology students. The book will also be of assistance to planners, civil engineers, and graduate engineering geologists.

Preface

Introduction

Co-operation of geologists with engineers

Chapter 1. Geological Investigations

1.1. Reconnaissance investigation

1.2. Detailed geological investigation

1.3. Geological investigation during construction

Chapter 2. Geological Maps and Sections

2.1. Types of geological maps

2.2. Engineering geological maps

2.3. Maps of geologically hazardous zones

2.4. Topographic base maps for geological mapping

2.5. Use of aerial photographs for geological mapping

2.6. Geological sections

Chapter 3. Mechanical Properties of Rocks

3.1. Physical background of the mechanical behavior of rocks

3.2. Character of the planes of discontinuity and methods of representation

3.3. Physical and index properties of rocks

3.4. Deformation properties of rocks

3.5. Strength of rocks

3.6. Natural stress state in rocks

3.7. Statical solutions in engineering geology

3.8. Classification of rocks

Chapter 4. Subsurface Exploration

4.1. Test pits and trenches

4.2. Exploratory drifts

4.3. Sounding

4.4. Boreholes

4.5. Evaluation of subsurface exploration

4.6. Construction of geological sections from bore logs

4.7. Plan and lay-out of subsurface exploration

Chapter 5. Geophysical Methods

5.1. Geophysical methods used in the geological investigation of a site

5.2. Determination of rock properties

5.3. Geophysical methods used in hydrogeological research

Chapter 6. Weathering of Rocks

6.1. Physical weathering

6.2. Products of Pleistocene physical weathering

6.3. Chemical weathering

6.4. Investigation of the weathered zone

Chapter 7. Slope Movements, Landslides

7.1. Economic significance of slope movements

7.2. Factors producing earth movements

7.3. Division of slope movements

7.4. Slope movements of surface deposits

7.5. Landslides in clayey rocks

7.6. Sliding movements of solid rocks

7.7. Specific types of slope movements

7.8. Stabilization of slopes in slide areas

Chapter 8. Excavation and Workability of Rocks

8.1. Resistance of rock to excavation

8.2. Drillability of rocks

8.3. Workability of rocks

8.4. Bulking (increase in volume) of rocks

Chapter 9. Geological Investigation of Building Material Deposits

9.1. Reconnaissance of a deposit

9.2. The aim of detailed engineering geological investigation

9.3. Basic principles of quarry opening

9.4. Deposits of sand and gravel

9.5. Working of building material and protection of the environment

Chapter 10. Foundation of Buildings and Industrial Structures

10.1. Demands made on the foundation of structures

10.2. Mechanical behavior of foundation soils

10.3. Foundation and ground water

10.4. Foundation excavation

10.5. Choice of foundation method

10.6. Investigation of the building site

10.7. Evaluation of the site

10.8. Foundation conditions related to the regional geology

10.9. Measurement of deformations of structures

Chapter 11. Roads and Railways

11.1. Geological requirements on the design of transportation routes

11.2. Preliminary investigation for the general location of the route

11.3. Detailed investigation for route location

11.4. Cuttings and half-cuttings

11.5. Embankments

11.6. Roadways and their subgrades

11.7. Geological investigation for bridges and other structures

11.8. Activity of the engineering geologist during construction and maintenance

Chapter 12. Tunnels and Underground Power Plants

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Tasks of engineering geological research

12.3. Investigation of the geology of the area and general alignment of the tunnel

12.4. The hydrogeological conditions

12.5. Detailed investigation for the location of the tunnel

12.6. Mechanical behavior of rock and pressure on tunnel lining

12.7. Tunneling methods

12.8. Rock temperature and ventilation

12.9. Hydraulic tunnels

12.10. Underground railway tunnels

Chapter 13. Engineering-geological Investigations for Hydraulic Structures

13.1. Reconnaissance investigation

13.2. Detailed geological investigation

13.3. Co-operation of engineering geologist during construction

13.4. Investigation of the damsite

13.5. Geomorphological and geological setting of the damsite

13.6. Damsites in igneous and metamorphic rocks

13.7. Damsites on sedimentary rocks

13.8. Foundation of gravity dams

13.9. Foundation of arch dams

13.10. Geological investigations for earth dams

13.11. Water-pressure tests and test grouting

13.12. Investigation of the reservoir area

13.13. Watertightness of the reservoir

13.14. Stability of reservoir banks

13.15. Siltation of reservoirs

13.16. Economic effects of impounding water

13.17. Discharge of water from the reservoir

13.18. Engineering-geological investigation of sites for power plants

Chapter 14. Tasks of Geological Investigation in Regional Planning and Environmental Policy

14.1. Man as a geological agent

14.2. Regional planning

14.3. Geological analysis

14.4. Hydrogeological analysis

14.5. Geological investigation in planning and building of settlements

Bibliography

Index