Engineering Calculations in Radiative Heat Transfer

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments


1. Basic Principles of Thermal Radiation


1.1 Nature of Radiation


1.2 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission


1.3 Black-Body Radiation


1.4 Stefan- Boltzmann Law


1.5 Variation of Thermal Radiation with Wavelength-Planck's Distribution Law


1.6 Wien's Displacement Law


1.7 Intensity of Radiation


1.8 Lambert's Law


1.9 Inverse Square Law


1.10 Absorptivity of a Real Surface


1.11 Emissivity of a Real Surface


1.12 Grey Bodies


1.13 Effective Black-Body (or Brightness) Temperature


1.14 Kirchhoff's Law


1.15 Black-Body Enclosure


1.16 Data on Emmissivities for Real Surfaces


1.17 Solar Radiation


1.17.1 Solar Radiation Received in a Day


2. Direct Radiative Transfer


2.1 Simplified Situations


2.1.1 Black Body Completely Surrounded by Black Surfaces


2.1.2 Grey Body Completely Surrounded by Black Surfaces


2.1.3 Small Grey Body Completely Surrounded by Grey Surfaces


2.2 View Factors and Exchange Areas


2.2.1 Evaluation of View Factors


2.3 Total Energy Transfer among Black Surfaces


2.3.1 Summation


2.3.2 Networks


3. Total Exchange of Radiation within an Enclosure Containing a Non-Absorbing Medium


3.1 Leaving Flux or Radiosity


3.2 Radiative Heat Transfer in an Empty Enclosure


3.3 Refractory Walls


3.4 Enclosure Comprising Grey and Black Surfaces


3.5 Conduction of Heat through Furnace Walls


3.6 Zoning


3.7 Network Method


4. Radiative Heat Transfer within an Enclosure Containing an Absorbing Medium


4.1 Emission and Absorption of Radiation by an Absorbing Medium


4.1.1 Determination of Mean Beam Lengths


4.1.2 Particles in Combustion Products


4.1.3 Gases in Combustion Products


4.2 Effect of an Absorbing Medium on the Radiative Heat Transfer within an Enclosure


4.3 Exchange Areas for Absorbing Media


5. Radiative Heat Transfer Applications


5.1 Furnaces


5.1.1 Introduction


5.1.2 Furnace Geometry


5.1.3 Variation of Temperature with Time


5.1.4 Variation of Temperature within the Furnace


5.1.5 Representation of Real Gases


5.1.6 Heat Transfer between Real Surfaces


5.2 Solar Radiation


5.2.1 Solar Radiation upon Surfaces on Earth


5.2.2 Absorption of Solar Radiation by Surfaces


5.2.3 Effects of the Earth's Atmosphere


6. Measurement of Radiation and Temperature


6.1 Measurement of Radiation


6.1.1 Detecting Elements


6.1.2 Focusing of Radiation on to the Detecting Element


6.1.3 Selection of Wavelength Range by Optical Components


6.1.4 Amplification and Display


6.1.5 Types of Radiometer


6.2 Temperature Measurement


6.2.1 Thermocouples


6.2.2 Radiation Pyrometers


6.2.3 Maximum Intensity of Radiation


6.2.4 Measurements of Flame and Hot Gas Temperatures

Appendix 1. Kirchhoff's Law

Appendix 2. Monte Carlo Method

A2.1 Selection of a Point of Emission on a Plane Surface

A2.2 Selection of the Direction of an Emitted Beam of Radiation

A2.3 Non-Diffuse Surface

A2.4 Variation of Emissivity with Wavelength

A2.5 Absorption by a Medium

Appendix 3. Evaluation of Mean Beam Lengths

Appendix 4. Radiation Emitted by a Black Body within Stated Wavelength Ranges

Appendix 5. Emissivities of Atmospheres Containing Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor

References

Glossary

Index