Endocrine Emergencies

1st Edition - May 13, 2021
Author: Alexander L. Shifrin
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 6 0 9 7 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 6 0 9 8 - 0

Endocrine emergencies are often potentially life-threatening and can be easily overlooked in patients with no history of endocrine disease. Endocrine Emergencies is a practical… Read more

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Endocrine emergencies are often potentially life-threatening and can be easily overlooked in patients with no history of endocrine disease. Endocrine Emergencies is a practical guide to identification and treatment for today’s clinicians, offering essential coverage of common and serious emergencies related to endocrine metabolic conditions of the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Contributors
Table of Contents
Part 1 Thyroid
Chapter 1 Severe Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Storm
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Storm
Evaluation of Patients for Thyrotoxicosis
Socioeconomic Factors
Follow-up After Discharge
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis and Subtypes
Diagnostic Evaluation and Classification
Approach to Management
Adjunct Therapies
Role of Amiodarone Discontinuation and Resumption
Role of Thyroidectomy in Management
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Ocular Emergencies in Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Demographics
Clinical Evaluation
External Pathology
Anterior Segment Pathology
Posterior Segment Pathology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Myxedema Coma
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Myxedema Coma and Surgery
General Supportive Measures
Prognosis
References
Chapter 5 Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Background
Bacterial Infection
Fungal Infection
Granulomatous Infections
Laboratory Testing and Diagnostic Imaging for Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis
Treatment of AST and Recommended Follow-up
References
Chapter 6 Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis: A Review and Suggestions for Treatment
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Genetic Aspects
Acute Treatment
Definitive Treatment
Anesthesia Considerations
Summary
References
Part 2 Postoperative Thyroid Surgical Emergencies
Chapter 7 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis – Management of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Intraoperative Management of the RLN With Thyroid Carcinoma Invasion
Evaluation of the Outcomes of the RLN Reconstruction
References
Chapter 8 Post-Thyroidectomy Emergencies: Management of Tracheal and Esophageal Injuries
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Trachea
Esophagus
References
Chapter 9 Radioactive Iodine (131I) Thyroid Ablation and the Salivary Glands
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Reassessment of 131I Therapy
Adverse Effects of 131I
Case Reports
Treatment
References
Part 3 Parathyroid
Chapter 10 Hypercalcemic Crisis
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Presentation, Evaluation, and Diagnosis
Summary
References
Chapter 11 Hypocalcemic Crisis: Acute Postoperative and Long-Term Management of Hypocalcemia
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Prevention of Postoperative Hypocalcemia
Prophylactic Postoperative Calcium and Vitamin D Replacement
Medical Management of Acute and Chronic Postoperative Hypocalcemia
Chronic Management of Hypocalcemia
References
Part 4 Adrenal Glands
Chapter 12 Acute Adrenal Hypertensive Emergencies: Pheochromocytoma, Cushing's, Hyperaldosteronism
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma (PPGL)
Primary Aldosteronism
Cushing's Syndrome
References
Chapter 13 Pheochromocytoma: Perioperative and Intraoperative Management
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Incidence, Clinical Significance, and Diagnosis
Preoperative Management
Anesthetic Preoperative Assessment and Optimization
Anesthetic Preparation and Goals for the Operating Room
Anesthetic Induction and Monitoring
Anesthetic Maintenance
Anesthetic Management of Intraoperative Hypertension and Hypotension
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Follow-Up
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Chronic Management of Adrenal Insufficiency and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis
References
Part 5 Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Chapter 15 Diabetic Emergencies: Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State, and Hypoglycemia
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
Hypoglycemia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Emergencies in the Adult (Gastrinoma, Insulinoma, Glucagonoma, VIPoma, Somatostatinoma, and PPoma/Nonfunctional Tumors)
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Overview
Gastrinoma
Insulinoma
Glucagonoma
VIPoma
Somatostatinoma
PPoma/Nonfunctional Neuroendocrine Tumors
References
Part 6 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Chapter 17 Carcinoid Syndrome and Carcinoid Crisis
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Incidence
Risk Factors
Current Understanding of Pathophysiology
Treatment With Somatostatin Analogues (Octreotide)
Treatment With Vasopressors, Including β-Adrenergic Agonists
Conclusion
References
Part 7 Pituitary
Chapter 18 Postsurgical and Posttraumatic Hyponatremia
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and Classification of Hyponatremia
Arginine Vasopressin
General Treatment Considerations for Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia in the Surgical and TBI Setting: Preoperative Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia in the Surgical and TBI Setting: Postoperative Hyponatremia
Neurosurgical Patients
Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
Evaluation of Postoperative and Post-TBI Hyponatremia
Treatment of Postoperative and Post-TBI Hyponatremia
Summary
References
Chapter 19 Diabetes Insipidus and Acute Hypernatremia
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Physiology of Water and Sodium Homeostasis
Etiologies of Hypernatremia
Clinical Presentation of Hypernatremia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Prognosis
References
Chapter 20 Hypopituitarism
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Central Adrenal Insufficiency
Central Hypothyroidism
Central Hypogonadism
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Prolactin Deficiency
Interactions Between Hormones
Special Situations
Diagnosis of Hypopituitarism During Pregnancy
Treatment of Hypopituitarism During Pregnancy
References
Chapter 21 Pituitary Apoplexy
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Precipitating Factors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Part 8 Endocrine Emergencies During Pregnancy
Chapter 22 Endocrine Emergencies in Obstetrics
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Thyroid Storm
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperparathyroidism
References
Chapter 23 Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Background
Pathophysiology and Natural History of Graves' Hyperthyroidism During Pregnancy
Clinical Presentation of Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Etiology of Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Laboratory Measurements and Considerations in Pregnancy
Management and Treatment Options
Complications of Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Postpartum Considerations
Prevention—Preconception Counseling
Summary
References
Part 9 Immunotherapy–Associated Endocrinopathies
Chapter 24 Endocrinopathies Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Mechanism of Action of Anti-cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 and Anti-programmed Death 1/or Its Ligand for Cancer Therapy
Specific Endocrinopathies Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy
Combination Therapy
Endocrinopathies and Treatment Response
Diagnosis and Management
Conclusions
References
Part 10 Endocrine Responses in Critically Ill Trauma Patients: Nuclear Emergency
Chapter 25 Endocrine Responses in Critically Ill and Trauma Patients
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Normal Response to Stress
Regulation of the HPA Axis
Glucocorticoids in Acute Critical Illness
Glucocorticoids in Chronic Critical Illness
Inappropriate or Inadequate Response to Stress
Summary
References
Chapter 26 Use of Potassium Iodide in a Nuclear Emergency
Chapter Outline
Abstract
Preamble
How Does Potassium Iodide Protect the Thyroid?
What Are the Sources of Exposure to Radioactive Iodine?
What Are the Risks of Exposure to Radioactive Iodine?
Availability of Potassium Iodide in the United States
Guidelines for Use
Safety and Possible Side Effects of Potassium Iodide
Additional Measures to Protect the Thyroid
The Aftermath
References
Index

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Alexander L. Shifrin