Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures

CHAPTER 1 Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials

Ali Karatutlu, Ahmed Barhoum, Andrei Sapelkin

1 Introduction

2 Chemical Stain Etching

3 Electrodeposition Methods

4 Direct-Precipitation Methods

5 Sol–Gel Methods

6 Colloidal Synthesis Methods

7 Hot-Injection Synthesis Methods

8 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods

9 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Methods

10 Ultrasonic Synthesis Methods

11 Laser Ablation in Liquid-Phase

12 Conclusions

References

CHAPTER 2

Functional Nanostructured Oxides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Angélica Sáenz-Trevizo, Patricia Amézaga-Madrid, Pedro Pizá-Ruiz, Blanca Monárrez-Cordero, Paola G. Hernández-Salcedo, Wilber Antúnez-Flores, Carlos Ornelas-Gutiérrez, Oscar Solís-Canto, César Leyva-Porras and Mario Miki-Yoshida

1 Introduction

2 Basic Concepts of Nanostructured Materials

2.1 Nanostructured Materials

2.2 Functional Nanostructured Metal Oxides

3.

Case Studies of Functional Nanostructured Oxides via AACVD

3.1 Basic Concepts of the AACVD Method

3.2 Hollow Spherical Magnetite (Fe3O4)

3.3 ZnO and CuO Nanostructures

3.4 Thin Films of CuFeO2

4 Conclusion

References

 

CHAPTER 3

DNA Nanostructures: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications

Ankur Sharma, Kalpesh Vaghasiya, Rahul K. Verma, Awadh B. Yadav

1 DNA as Nanostructure Material

1.1 Nanotechnology

1.2 DNA Self-Assembly

1.3 Strand Displacement Reaction

1.4 Supramolecular DNA Nanotechnology

2 Structural DNA Nanotechnology (SDN)

2.1 DNA Tiles and Lattices: 2D

2.2 3D DNA Discrete Nanostructures

3 Dynamic DNA Nanostructures

3.1 Dynamic DNA Nanomachines

4 DNA-Guided Assembly of Nanomaterials

4.1 DNA-Based Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles

4.2 Gold Nanoparticles Arrangement

4.3 Carbon Nanotubes on DNA Assembly

4.4 DNA-Directed Nanowires

4.5 Liposomes for DNA Nanotechnology

5 Applications

5.1 DNA-Based Nanomaterials as Biosensors

5.2 Therapeutic DNA Nanostructures

5.3 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors

5.4 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics

6 Conclusion and Future Perspective

References

 

CHAPTER 4

Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition of Thin Films

Aleksey Guglya, Elena Lyubchenko

1 Introduction

2 Peculiarities of Formation of the Film Structure at IBAD Method

3 The Structure of the "Coating-Substrate" Mixing Zone

4 Tribological Properties of Coatings Obtained by IBAD Method

4.1 Microhardness

4.2 Coefficient of Friction and Wear Resistance

4.3. A Comparison of Hardness and Wear Resistance of Coatings Obtained by IBAD and Other Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques

5 V-N Thin-Film Hydrogen absorbents=

6 Conclusions =

References =

Contents

CHAPTER 5

Risks and Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials

Kei X. Tan, Ahmed Barhoum, Sharadwata Pan, Michael K. Danquah

1 Introduction

2 Toxicity of Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials

3 Toxicity of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

4 Toxicity of Composite-Based Nanomaterials

5 Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues

6 Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 6

Nanoimprint Lithography and Transdermal Drug-Delivery Devices

Rizgar Jiawook, Babak Heidari

1 Introduction

2 Nanoimprint Lithography Types

3 Nanoimprint Lithography Methods

3.1 Full Area Imprinting

3.2 Step and Repeat Imprinting

3.3 Roll-to-roll Imprinting

3.4 Roll and Imprinting

4 Nanoimprint Stamp Consideration

4.1 Materials Compatibility

4.2 Hard/Hard Imprinting

4.3 Hard/Soft and Soft/Soft

5 Types of Imprint Stamps

5.1 Silicon Stamp

5.2 Quartz Stamp

5.3 Nickel Stamp

5.4 Polymer Stamps

5.5 Imprint Processes

5.6 Thermal NIL/hot Embossing

5.7 Ultraviolet NIL

5.8 Simultaneous Thermal and UV NIL

5.9 Nanoimprint Lithography Application Areas

6 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

6.1 Types of the Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches

6.2 Microneedles Types

6.3 Imprinting Nanostructured Foil

7 Biosensors

7.1 Interdigitized Nanoelectrode Sensors

7.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors

References

 

CHAPTER 7

Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Biomedical Implementations

Zhenjiang Zhang, Ping-Chang Lin

1 Introduction

2 Gold Nanoparticles

2.1 Synthesis and Properties

2.2 Surface Modification and Functionalization

2.3 Biomedical Applications

3 Silver Nanoparticles

3.1 Properties of Silver Nanoparticles

3.2 Synthetic Methods of Silver Nanoparticles

3.3 Functionalization

3.4 Biomedical Applications

4 Conclusion

References

 

CHAPTER 8 Nanoarchitectured electrodes for supercapacitance energy storage

Monireh Ganjali, Abolfazl Yazdanpanah, Masoud Mozafari

1 Introduction

2 Technology of Laser Coating Deposition

2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition

2.2 Laser Cladding

2.3 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation

3 Conclusion

References

　

CHAPTER 9

Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials: Polymorph, Composition, Wettability, and Thermal Stability

Ahmed Barhoum, M. Luisa García-Betancourt, Hubert Rahier, Guy Van Assche

1 Introduction

2 Polymorph, Crystal Structure, and Crystallite Size

3 Elemental Composition

4 Bonding Structure and Oxidation State

4.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

4.2 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy

4.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

4.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy

4.5 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

5 Surface Charge and Dispersion Stability

6 Surface Energy, Surface Adhesion, and Wettability

7 Thermal Stability and Thermal Transitions

8 Conclusion and Outlook

References

 

CHAPTER 10

Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials: Size, Morphology, Optical, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties

Ahmed Barhoum, M. Luisa García-Betancourt

1 Introduction

2 Particle Size Distribution, Dispersion, and DLS

3 Specific Surface Area, Porosity, and BET Analysis

4 Optoelectronic Properties

5 UV-VIS Spectroscopy

5.1 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

5.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy

6 Magnetic Properties

7 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy

8 Imaging Techniques

8.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy

8.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy

9 Conclusion and Outlook

References

 

CHAPTER 11

Engineered Nanomaterials: Nanofabrication and Surface

Functionalization

Sudha Prasad, Vijayalakshmi Kumar, Sangeetha Kirubanandam, Ahmed Barhoum

1 Introduction

2 Nanofabrication Techniques

3 Gas-Phase Production

3.1 Chemical Vapor Condensation

3.2 Plasma Synthesis

3.3 Atomic Layer Deposition

3.4 Arc Discharge Synthesis

5.5 Laser Pyrolysis Synthesis

4 Liquid-Phase Production

4.1 Sol–gel Synthesis

4.2 Microemulsion Synthesis

4.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis

4.4 Sonochemical Synthesis

4.5 Coprecipitation Synthesis

4.6 Laser Ablation Synthesis

4.7 Electrospinning

5 Solid-Phase Production

5.1 Mechanical Attrition

5.2 Ball Milling

5.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis

6 Surface Modification and Functionalization

7 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation

7.1 Nucleation

7.2 Growth and Crystallization

8 Conclusion

References

 

CHAPTER 12

Nanomaterials History, Classification, Unique Properties,Production and Market

Parappurath N. Sudha, Kirubanandam Sangeetha, Kumar Vijayalakshmi, Ahmed Barhoum

1 Introduction

2 Standards and Terminology "Nano"

3 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

4 History of Nanotechnology

5 Scientific Story of Nanotechnology

6 Types of Nanomaterials

6.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

6.2 Organic-Based Nanomaterials

6.3 Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials

6.4 Composite-Based Nanomaterials

7 Classification of Nanomaterials

8 Size-Dependent Properties

9 Optoelectronic Properties

10 Colloidal Stabilization

11 Self-Assembling Properties

12 Toxicity and Antibacterial Activity

13 State of Nanomaterial Production

14 Future Prospects of Nanotechnology

15 Conclusion

References

 

CHAPTER 13 Recent Progress on Nanofabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Priyanka Prabhu, Vivek Dhawan, Clara Fernandes, Divya Suares

1 Introduction

2 Advantages of MIPs

3 Applications of MIPs

4 Fabrication of MIPs

4.1 Factors Impacting Fabrication of MIPs

4.2 Challenges/Difficulties in MIP Fabrication

4.3 Nanofabrication of MIPs

5 Novel Methods for Molecular Imprinting

5.1 Combinatorial Molecular Imprinting

5.2 Surface Imprinting

5.3 Antiidiotypic Imprinting

5.4 Epitope Imprinting

5.5 Scaffold Imprinting

5.6 Supercritical Fluid Technique

6 Conclusion

References

 

CHAPTER 14

Plant Extract Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Siim Küünal, Protima Rauwel, Erwan Rauwel

1 Introduction

2 Plant Extract Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles

2.1 Plant Extract Reduction Mechanism

2.2 Mass Production

3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

3.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

3.2 Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

3.4 Copper (II/IV) Oxide Nanoparticles

3.5 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

3.6 Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles

3.7 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

4 Antimicrobial Metal Nanoparticles

4.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles

4.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Metallic Nanoparticle Coating

5 Examples of Applications Using Plant Extract Mediated Synthesis

6 Advantages and Drawbacks of Plant Extract Mediated Synthesis

7 Summary

References

 

CHAPTER 15

Contemporary Industrial Practice for Manufacturing of Nanomedicines

Steliyan Tinkov

1 Introduction

2 Nanodrug Architecture Platforms

3 The Birth of a Particle: Core Manufacturing Technologies

3.1 Overview

3.2 Particle Formation

3.3 Particle Size Reduction

3.4 Drug Loading

3.5 Drug Product Purification

3.6 Drug Product Sterilization

3.7 Discussion

Author’s Biography

References

 

CHAPTER 16

Fabrication, Functionalization, and Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes

Taha Roodbar Shojaei, Saman Azhari

1 Introduction

2 History of CNT

3 Background of CNTs

4 Fabrication of CNTs

4.1 Arc-Discharge

4.2 Laser Ablation

4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition

5 Purification of CNTs

5.1 Dry Methods

5.2 Wet Methods

6 Dispersion of CNTs

6.1 Covalent Functionalization

6.2 Noncovalent Modifications

7 Applications of CNTs

7.1 Energy Storage

7.2 Environmental Applications

7.3 Composites

7.4 Biomedical Applications

8 Characterization of CNT

8.1 Raman

8.2 Ultraviolet Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy

8.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

8.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis

8.5 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

8.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM

8.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

9 Conclusion and Future Directions

References

 

CHAPTER 17

Nanostructured Thin Films and Nanocoatings

Chandan Krishnamoorthy, Ramalingam Chidambaram

1 Introduction

2 Substrate for Nanocoating and Thin Films

3 Nanocoating Fabrication Methods

3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition

3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition

4 Polymer Physisorption

5 Polymer Chemisorption

5.1 "Grafting to" Approach

5.2 "Grafting from" Method

5.3 "Grafting Through" Method

6 Physicochemical Characterization Techniques

6.1 Atomic Force Microscopy

6.2 X-ray Diffraction

6.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy

7 Nanocoating Applications

7.1 Aerospace Applications

7.2 Packaging Applications

7.3 Industrial Applications

References

 

CHAPTER 18

Bottom-up Synthesis of Hybrid Carbon Nanoscrolls

Jeong-Hwan Kim, Maria Benelmekki

1 Overview on Carbon-Based Nanostructures

2 Preparation of Magneto-Plasmonic Carbon Nanoscrolls

2.1 Step 1: Preparation of the Substrate

2.2 Step 2: Deposition of Carbon Nanofilms

2.3 Step 3: Deposition of the Nanoparticles

2.4 Step 4: Liquid Exfoliation of Magneto Plasmonic Carbon Nanoscrolls and Nanosheets

3 Characterization of Carbon Nanoscrolls and Nanocomposites

3.1 Methods of Characterization

3.2 Structural and Compositional Characterization

4 Functional Properties

4.1 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering

4.2 Photothermal Behavior

5 Discussions and Conclusions

6 Perspectives

References

 

CHAPTER 19

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation Technique

Ganjali Mansoureh, Vahdatkhah Parisa

1 Introduction

2 Advantages and Disadvantages of PLA

3 Crystallization and Growth Mechanisms

4 PLA Process and Setup

5 General Considerations of PLA

6 Physicochemical Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles

6.1 UV Visible Spectroscopy

6.2 X-ray Diffraction

6.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

6.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy

6.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy

References

 

CHAPTER 20

Theories of Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Formation in Liquid Phase

Ali Karatutlu, Ahmed Barhoum, Andrei Sapelkin

1 Introduction

2 Classical Nucleation Theory

3 La Mer’s Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms

4 The Two-Step Nucleation and Growth Mechanism

5 The Prenucleation Cluster Mechanism

6 In Situ Characterization Techniques

7 Conclusions

References

Index