Emergency and Critical Care of Small Animals, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

1st Edition, Volume 50-6 - October 9, 2020
Editor: Elisa Mazzaferro
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 3 3 6 2 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 3 3 6 3 - 2

This issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, guest edited by Dr. Elisa Mazzaferro, focuses on Emergency and Critical Care of Small Animals. This is one of six issues… Read more

Emergency and Critical Care of Small Animals, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

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This issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, guest edited by Dr. Elisa Mazzaferro, focuses on Emergency and Critical Care of Small Animals. This is one of six issues each year. Articles in this issue include, but are not limited to: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Small Animals; Transfusion Medicine in Small Animals; Extracorporeal Therapies in the ER and ICU; Respiratory Emergencies; Ocular Emergencies in the Small Animal Patient; Biosecurity Measures in Small Animal Practice; Albumin Therapy in Critical Illness; Canine Parvoviral Enteritis; Therapeutic Strategies in IMHA; Use of Antithrombotics in Critical Illness; Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clinical Practice; Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clinical Practice; Resuscitative Strategies for the Small Animal Trauma Patient; Use of Thromboelastography in Clinical Practice; Nutritional Support of the Critical Patient; Update on Anticonvulsant Therapy for the Small Animal Patient; Total Intravenous Anesthesia for the Small Animal Critical Patient; and Cageside Ultrasound in the ER and ICU.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
Preface
Update on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Small Animals
Key points
Introduction
Prevention, preparedness, and early recognition
Basic life support
Advanced life support
post-cardiac arrest care
Prognosis
Summary
Small Animal Transfusion Medicine
Key points
Introduction
Blood donors
Blood types
Leukoreduction
Storage
Blood products
Red blood cells
Plasma products
Platelet products
Compatibility testing
Blood collection and administration
Monitoring transfusions
Xenotransfusion
Autotransfusion
Future directions
Extracorporeal Therapies in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit
Key points
Extracorporeal blood purification
Solute kinetics and opportunities for extracorporeal manipulation
Platforms for extracorporeal blood purification
Extracorporeal toxin removal
Selecting the ideal extracorporeal toxin removal platform
Common veterinary intoxications
Extracorporeal management of acute kidney injury
Role of therapeutic plasma exchange in treating immune-mediated disease
Practical considerations in performing extracorporeal therapies
Respiratory Emergencies
Key points
Introduction
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Causes of hypoxemia
Anatomic localization
Patient history
Initial stabilization
Emergency procedures
Diagnostics
Summary
Ocular Emergencies in Small Animal Patients
Key points
Introduction
Emergency ophthalmic examination
Diagnosis and treatment of emergent ophthalmic conditions
Summary
Biosecurity Measures in Clinical Practice
Key points
Introduction
Routes of disease transmission
Hierarchy of infection control
Principles of infection control
Summary
Update on Albumin Therapy in Critical Illness
Key points
Introduction
Clinical signs of type I and type III hypersensitivity reactions and treatment
Albumin products
Allogenic albumin administration
Summary
Update on Canine Parvoviral Enteritis
Key points
Parvoviral enteritis
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic testing
Clinical signs and additional diagnostic testing
Complete blood count
Diagnostic imaging
Endocrine and other biomarkers in canine parvovirus infection
Treatment
Vascular access and fluid therapy
Oncotic support
Antiemetics
Antimicrobial use
Enteral nutrition
Analgesia
Monitoring
Outpatient treatment
Ancillary therapies
Antiviral strategies
Immune plasma
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Fecal transfaunation
Prevention
Vaccinations
Prognosis
Therapeutic Strategies for Treatment of Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Key points
Introduction
Expedited diagnostic evaluation
Blood transfusion
Supportive therapies
Immunosuppression
Thromboprophylaxis
Emerging therapies
Novel therapies and future directions
The Use of Antithrombotics in Critical Illness
Key points
Introduction
The human experience
Venous thromboembolism
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Baseline laboratory testing
Coagulation testing
Diagnostic imaging
Cardiovascular function assessments
Safety concerns and drug monitoring of antithrombotic therapy in veterinary critical care
Discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy
Antiplatelet therapy
Anticoagulant therapy
Restarting antithrombotic therapy following surgery
Permanent discontinuation of antithrombotic therapy
Summary
Use of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Veterinary Clinical Practice
Key points
Introduction
Human intravenous immunoglobulin and immunomodulation
Fc receptor blockade
Autoantibody neutralization
Complement inhibition
Fas–Fas ligand mediation
Cytokine downregulation
Other immunomodulatory effects
Human intravenous immunoglobulin in human medicine
Veterinary application
Primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Evans syndrome
Cutaneous disease
Myasthenia gravis
Sudden acquired retinal detachment syndrome
Complications of human intravenous immunoglobulin administration
Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
Thromboembolic disease
Renal failure
Miscellaneous conditions
Veterinary administration guidelines
Resuscitation Strategies for the Small Animal Trauma Patient
Key points
Emergency assessment and stabilization
Emergent stabilization and fluid resuscitation of the trauma patient
Traumatic coagulopathy in veterinary patients
Fluid resuscitation options in the veterinary patient with trauma
Hypotensive resuscitation in the trauma patient
Monitoring the trauma patient
Summary
Use of Thromboelastography in Clinical Practice
Key points
Introduction
Methodology
Interpretation of viscoelastic test results
Viscoelastic testing in emergency and critical care
Advantages and disadvantages of viscoelastic testing
Summary
Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill Small Animal Patient
Key points
Introduction
Importance of nutritional support
Pathophysiology of malnutrition
Nutritional assessment
Meeting nutritional needs and special considerations
When to initiate feeding
Choosing the most appropriate feeding tube
Esophagostomy tubes
Nutritional plan
Implementing nutritional plan
Monitoring and reassessment
Complications
Summary
Update on Anticonvulsant Therapy in the Emergent Small Animal Patient
Key points
Introduction
Pathophysiology of seizures
Why should seizures be controlled?
Anticonvulsant drugs
Summary
Total Intravenous Anesthesia for the Small Animal Critical Patient
Key points
What is total intravenous anesthesia?
Total intravenous anesthesia concepts and application
Delivery systems
Monitoring
Advantages of total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia
Disadvantages of total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia
Total intravenous anesthesia application in emergency and critical care medicine
Summary
Cageside Ultrasonography in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit
Key points
Introduction
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma and its target-organ approach
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma and its modified abdominal fluid scoring system
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma diaphragmaticohepatic view
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma splenorenal view
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma cystocolic view
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma hepatorenal umbilical view
Abdominal Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma fifth bonus view
Thoracic Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma and its target-organ approach
Thoracic Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma and its echo views
Thoracic Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma and its use for pleural and pericardial effusion
Veterinary Brief Lung Ultrasonography Examination and its visual lung language
Veterinary Brief Lung Ultrasonography Examination and its B-line scoring system
Veterinary Brief Lung Ultrasonography Examination and its regional pattern-based approach
The Global Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma approach
Goal-directed templates
The use of global Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma for the Hs and Ts of treatable forms of shock and advanced life support
Other point-of-care ultrasonography examinations
Final comments