Elementary Medical Biochemistry

ForewordIntroductionChapter 1 — Matter and Energy Elements and Compounds Energy: Life and Movement The States of Matter Temperature and Heat Molecular Transport Processes in the BodyChapter 2 —Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen Oxygen Uptake and Transport of Oxygen in the Body Other Important Facts About Oxygen Medical Uses of Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon NitrogenChapter 3 — Minerals and Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Chlorine Phosphorus Sulfur The Trace Elements Other Elements Found in TissuesChapter 4 — Symbols, Reactions and Equations The Formation of Ions Valency The Formation of Molecules — Covalent Bonds Multiple Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Co-Ordinate Covalent Bonds (Dative Bonds) Formulae Radicals The Periodic Table Introduction to Chemical ReactionsChapter 5 — Water, Acids and Bases The Importance of Water in the Body Distribution of Water in the Body Fluid Mixtures Water Gain and Loss Water Loss Via the Kidneys The Exchange of Fluid Between the Capillaries and the Tissues of the Body Control of the Water Balance The Dissociation and Association of Water The Concept of pH The Dissociation of Substances in Aqueous Solutions Buffers Indicators Equivalent Mass Molarity and NormalityChapter 6 — Carbon-Containing Compounds Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Cyclic Hydrocarbons Derivatives of Hydrocarbons Alcohols and Phenols Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters, Ethers and AminesChapter 7 — Biologically Important Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Porphyrins and Derivatives Purines, Pyrimidines and their Derivatives Nucleic Acids Compounds Containing High Energy Phosphate BondsChapter 8 — Enzymatic and Genetic Control of Reactions Enzyme Action and Substrate Specificity Localization of Enzymes in Tissues The Types of Enzymes Found in Tissues Local Regulation of Enzyme Action Coding of Genetic Information Transcription of Genetic Information Translation of Genetic Information Cell Division and the Replication of Genes The Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Control at the Gene Level Hormonal Regulation of Enzyme Production and ActivityChapter 9 — The Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients Digestion in the Mouth Digestion in the Stomach Digestion in the Small Intestine The Hormonal Control of the Digestive Secretions The Absorption of Nutrients from the Alimentary Canal The Functions of the Large IntestineChapter 10 — Metabolism The Respiratory Chain (or Electron Transfer Pathway) Other Sources of ATP The Catabolism of Carbohydrates Glycogenolysis Glycolysis The Entry of Monosaccharides into the Glycolytic Cycle Branching of the Glycolytic Cycle — Energy Production and a Link with Fat Metabolism ATP Production in Glycolysis The Metabolic Fate of Pyruvic Acid Maintenance of the Blood Sugar Level Glycolysis in Muscle Tissue The Pentose Monophosphate Shunt The Catabolism of Fats β-Oxidation The Catabolism of Proteins Transamination Oxidative Deamination The Synthesis of Urea The Common Pathway of Metabolism The Production of Energy from Nutrient Substances Carbohydrate Anabolism Fat Anabolism Fatty Acid Synthesis Lipogenesis Protein Anabolism Amino Acid Synthesis Protein SynthesisChapter 11 — The Handling of End-Products of Metabolism by the Body The Physiological Importance of Carbon Dioxide The Inter-Relationship of Hydrogen Ions and Carbon Dioxide The Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood The Excretion of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs The Excretion of Other Substances by the Lungs The Regulation of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Body Buffer Systems The Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and the Formation of Ammonium Ions by the Kidneys Respiratory Alkalosis and Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis and Acidosis General Excretory Functions of the Kidneys The Excretory Functions of the Skin The Excretory Functions of the Alimentary CanalChapter 12 — The Endocrine Control of Physiological Processes — The Vitamins The Action of Hormones — The Negative Feedback Mechanism The Chemical Nature of Hormones The Organization of the Endocrine System and the Hypothalamus The Classification of the Hormones According to their Functions Hormones that Regulate the Calcium and Phosphate Content of the Body Hormones that Regulate the Water, Sodium and Potassium Content of the Body Hormones that Regulate Metabolic Processes Involving Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins The Trophic Hormones and Releasing Factors The Hormones that Regulate Reproductive Functions The Hormones of the Digestive Tract Miscellaneous Hormones The VitaminsAppendix A : List of ElementsAppendix B: Examples of Examination QuestionsAppendix C: The Chemical Composition of Blood and Urine