Electrical Applications 2

Preface1 Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy Synchronous Generators Economics of Generation and Transmission Overhead Lines Comparison between Overhead Lines and Underground Cables Cost Environment Reliability Fault Finding Switchgear, Definitions and Uses Substation Layout and Equipment The Three-Phase System Load Balancing Industrial Installations General Arrangement Distribution Systems Radial System Ring System Distributor Calculations Radial Distributor Fed at Both Ends Problems for Section 12 Regulations Safety and Regulations The Electricity Supply Regulations Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations Fixed Apparatus Substations and Transformers The Institution of Electrical Engineers' Regulations for Electrical Installations The Health and Safety at Work Act Outline of the Requirements of the HASAWA The Health and Safety Inspectorate Comparison between the Scopes of the Regulations Problems for Section 23 Tariffs and Power Factor Correction Generation and Transmission Costs Capital Charges Running Charges Power Factor Maximum Demand Diversity Factor Load Factor Cost of Electrical Energy Domestic Industrial Problems for Section 34 Materials and Their Applications in the Electrical Industry Conductor Materials for Overhead Lines and Underground Cables Performance of Insulating Materials Loss Angle Δ Breakdown Voltage Insulating Materials for Cables Cable Construction Materials Used in Electronic Circuits Conductor Screening and Coaxial Cable Printed Circuits Circuit Damage due to Overcurrents Heating of Cables Permitted Volt-Drops in Cables Effect of Ambient Temperature on Rating Cables in Ducts or in Close Proximity Heat Sinks The Insulation of Overhead Lines Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses Magnetic Materials Minimization of Losses Permanent Magnets Magnetic Screening Problems for Section 45 Transformers Principle of Action of the Transformer EMF Equation The Single-Phase Transformer The Three-Phase Transformer Transformer Cooling The Auto-Transformer Advantages of the Auto-Transformer over the Double-Wound Transformer Disadvantages of the Auto-Transformer Current Transformers Voltage or Potential Transformers Measurement of Power and Power Problems for Section 56 DC Machines Principle of Action Power, Force and Torque Fleming's Rules For Motors For Generators The Action of the Commutator The Ring-Wound Armature The Lap Winding The Wave Winding The EMF and Speed Equations DC Machine Connections Shunt Series Compound The DC Motor Speed/Armature Current Characteristics The Torque Equation Torque/Armature Current Characteristics Motor Applications Speed Control DC Motor Starters The Addition of Resistance to the Armature Circuit The Manually-Operated Face-Plate Starter The Automatic Contactor-Type Starter Electronic Means The DC Generator Shunt-Wound Series-Wound Compound-Wound Armature Reaction Further Work on Commutation Armature Reaction Compensating Windings and Interpoles Changes in Characteristics due to Armature Reaction Losses in DC Machines Field Loss Armature Loss Commutator Losses Bearing Friction Windage The Power Flow Diagram For a Motor For a Generator Problems for Section 67 Illumination Lighting Standards Luminance and Luminous Intensity The Lumen and the Steradian The Inverse Square Law The Cosine Law The Polar Diagram Reflection and Refraction of Light Use of the Polar Diagram Indirect Illumination of a Surface Types of Lamp The Incandescent Lamp The High-Pressure Discharge Lamp The Low-Pressure Mercury (Fluorescent) Tube The Low-Pressure Sodium Discharge Lamp The Halogen Lamp The Mercury-Metal Halide Lamp The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Types of Luminaire Daylighting Problems for Section 78 Fuse Protection Fault Level Earthing Fuse Protection Operation of Fuses The Semi-Enclosed Rewireable Fuse The High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) Fuse Fuse Characteristics Problems for Section 8Solutions to ProblemsIndex