Disease Resistance in Plants

PrefacePreface to the First Edition1 Introduction Text2 Unspecific Resistance 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Diagonal Check for Specificity in a Gene-for-Gene Relation 2.3 The Resistance Gene Paradox 2.4 The Potato-Phytophthora System 2.5 Hosts and Nonhosts 2.6 Host-Specific Toxins 2.7 Discussion3 Host Plants: Phenotypic Variation and Gene Numbers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Partition of Variance 3.3 Discontinuous Variation with Many Genes Involved: Pseudomonogenic Resistance 3.4 Discontinuous Variation with Few Genes Involved 3.5 Discontinuous Variation and Cytoplasmic Inheritance 3.6 Continuous Variation 3.7 Background to the Polygene Story 3.8 The Error of Expecting Safety in Numbers: Additive Variance 3.9 Experimental Difficulties in Partitioning Variance4 The Pathogen: Epistasis and Virulence 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The ABC-XYZ Classification and Diallel Gene Pairing 4.3 Virulence Dissociation 4.4 Epistasis-Environment Interaction 4.5 Danger in Artifacts 4.6 Virulence Association 4.7 Definition of a Physiological Race5 Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host: Wheat Stem Rust in Australia 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Direct Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host 5.3 Indirect Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host 5.4 Discussion6 Mutation in the Pathogen from Avirulence to Virulence 6.1 Variable Mutation Rates 6.2 Wild-Type Pathogen Populations 6.3 Viral Diseases 6.4 Bacterial Diseases 6.5 Fungal Diseases 6.6 Inoperative and Operative Mutation 6.7 Epidemiological Mutation7 Horizontal and Vertical Resistance 7.1 Definitions in a Two-Variable System 7.2 The Geometric Illustration 7.3 Illustration by Analysis of Variance 7.4 Illustration by Ranking Order 7.5 Vertical Resistance Effective Only against Initial Inoculum 7.6 Interrupted or Uninterrupted Presence of Disease or Inoculum 7.7 Vertical Partial Resistance 7.8 Adult-Plant Resistance: Scheibe's Rule 7.9 Higher-Order Interactions 7.10 How Realistic Is the Definition of Horizontal Resistance? 7.11 A Third Variable 7.12 Qualitative and Quantitative Variation in Host and Pathogen 7.13 Unclassified Resistance 7.14 Pseudospecificity 7.15 Remnants of Horizontal Resistance 7.16 Horizontal Resistance and Stabilizing Selection8 Remnants of Resistance 8.1 Three Questions 8.2 The Vertifolia Effect 8.3 Ghost Resistance 8.4 The Either/Or Avirulence/Virulence Error 8.5 The Horizontal Resistance Equivalent9 Protein Polymorphism and Vertical Resistance 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Molecular Association in Specific Susceptibility 9.3 Molecular Storage of Massive Variation 9.4 Endothermic Susceptibility 9.5 Individuality in Temperature Responses 9.6 Vertical Resistance 9.7 Coping with Recessive Resistance 9.8 Test to Distinguish Vertical from Horizontal Partial Resistance 9.9 The Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis10 Genes for Susceptibility 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Vavilov's Rule 10.3 The Corollary of Vavilov's Rule 10.4 Some Misinterpreted Evidence 10.5 Biotropic Semibenign Infection 10.6 Wounds and Infections: Role of Peroxidase 10.7 Ultrastructural Evidence 10.8 Protein Polymerization 10.9 The Pathogen's Protein 10.10 Theory of Reciprocal Mutation11 Sink-Induced Loss of Resistance 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stalk Rot of Maize 11.3 Sugar and Resistance to Maize Stalk Rot 11.4 Ecological Topics 11.5 The Vertifolia Effect Again 11.6 Low-Sugar Disease Processes 11.7 Theories about High-Sugar Resistance 11.8 Discussion12 High-Sugar Disease Processes and Biotrophy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 High-Sugar Susceptibility 12.3 The Sugar Effect 12.4 Reversal of Resistance to Powdery Mildew13 Epidemiological Effects of Vertical Resistance 13.1 Resistance in Relation to an Increase in the Population of the Pathogen 13.2 The Effect of Vertical Resistance: The General Rule 13.3 The Effect of Vertical Resistance: Some Illustrative Data 13.4 Vertical Resistance: The Price of Varietal Popularity 13.5 Vertical Resistance: The Enhancing Effect of Horizontal Resistance 13.6 Generalized Disease Progress Curves for the Study of the Effects of Resistance 13.7 The Compound Interest Equation: Logarithmic Increase of Disease 13.8 An Equation for the Effect of Vertical Resistance 13.9 An Analysis of Some Experimental Data 13.10 Graphical Representation of Equation (13.1) 13.11 Vertical Resistance: The Quantitative Effect of Varietal Popularity 13.12 The Effect of Vertical Resistance after the Logarithmic Phase of the Epidemic 13.13 Independence of Initial Inoculum and the Logarithmic Infection Rate: The Start of an Epidemic 13.14 Appendix: Vertical Resistance That Reduces the Infection Rate14 Epidemiological Effects of Horizontal Resistance 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of Blight Resistance in Three Potato Varieties 14.3 Horizontal Resistance and a Reduced Infection Rate 14.4 Components of Horizontal Resistance 14.5 Ontogenic Effects15 Slow Rusting of Cereal Crops 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Late Rusting and Slow Rusting 15.3 Maize Rust 15.4 Resistance before and Susceptibility after Flowering 15.5 Sink-Associated and Sink-Induced Loss of Resistance 15.6 Breeding for Horizontal Slow-Rusting Resistance16 Resistance against Endemic Disease 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Progeny/Parent Ratio 16.3 Infection Rates and Disease Levels 16.4 The Progeny/Parent Ratio and Latent Period in the Strategy of Using Disease Resistance 16.5 Horizontal and Vertical Resistance in the Strategy of Using Disease Resistance 16.6 Endemic Disease in the Tropics 16.7 Appendix17 Heterogeneous Host Populations and the Accumulation of Resistance Genes 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Mixed Varieties and Multilines 17.3 Heterogeneity versus Gene Accumulation 17.4 Essential Purpose of Mixed Varieties and Multilines 17.5 Role of the ABC-XYZ Groups: Stabilizing Selection versus HeterogeneityBibliographyIndex