
Demineralization by Ion Exchange
In Water Treatment and Chemical Processing of Other Liquids
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Demineralization by Ion Exchange: In Water Treatment and Chemical Processing of Other Liquids presents the methods of demineralization by ion exchange to completely remove dissolved impurities from water and other liquids. This book discusses the developments as well as the engineering and practical aspects in demineralization. Organized into 14 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the history of ion exchange. This text then provides data on the demineralizer equipment, specifying proper materials of construction and design of the shells, their internal distributors, piping, and valves. Other chapters consider the method and equipment design that will help solve water treatment or chemical processing problem with the greatest reliability and economy. This book discusses as well the technical calculations showing how the demineralizer systems are selected. The final chapter deals with the designs of many actual full-scale plants. This book is a valuable resource for executives, consultants, engineers, engineering students, and chemists.
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Brief History of Ion Exchange and the Industrial Needs That Led to Demineralization
Text
References
2. Survey of the Impurities in Water, Their Harmful Effects in Industry, and Methods of Removing Them
I. Water Supplies
II. Impurities in Water
III. Forms of Water Analysis
IV. Units of Measurement
V. Harmful Effects of Water Impurities in Industry
VI. Water-Quality Tolerances for Various Applications
VII. General Methods of Removing Impurities
References
3. Removal of the Major Ionic Dissolved Impurities in Water
I. Removal of Calcium and Magnesium: Water-Softening
II. Removal of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium: Hydrogen Cation Exchange
III. Removal of Iron and Manganese
IV. Removal of Alkalinity
V. Removal of Sulfate, Chloride, Nitrate, and Phosphate
VI. Removal of Silica
VII. Comparison of Water Treatments
References
4. Removal of Nonionic Suspended and Colloidal Impurities
I. Removal of Turbidity by Filtration without Presettling
II. Removal of Turbidity, Color, Organic Matter, Microorganisms, Bacteria, Colloidal Silica, and Oil, by Coagulation, Settling, and Filtration
III. Removal of Organic Matter
IV. Removal of Colloidal Silica
V. Removal of Oil from Surface Waters and Condensates
VI. Removal of Corrosion Products from Condensates
References
5. Removal of Gaseous Impurities
I. Laws of Gas Behavior
II. Other Factors in Gas Solubility
III. Application of the Laws and Other Factors
IV. Removal of Carbon Dioxide
V. Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide, Methane, and Ammonia
VI. Removal of Oxygen
VII. Removal of Chlorine
References
6. The Demineralization Process and Systems
I. Nature of Ion Exchange and Exchange Materials
II. Ion Exchange Equilibria
III. Strong-Acid Hydrogen Cation Exchangers
IV. Weak-Acid Hydrogen Cation Exchangers
V. Weak-Base Anion Exchangers
VI. Strong-Base Anion Exchangers
VII. Exchange Techniques
VIII. Regeneration Phase
IX. Ion Leakage and Endpoints of Exhaustion Phase
X. Ten Major Demineralizer Systems
XI. Summary of Applications of the Ten Major Demineralizer Systems
XII. Three-Bed and Mixed-Bed System
References
7. The Major American Ion Exchange Materials
I. Cation Exchangers
II. Anion Exchangers
References
8. Demineralizer Equipment Designs
I. The Shell
II. Subfill Under Exchange Materials
III. Internal Distributors and Collectors
IV. External Valves and Piping
V. Regeneration Systems
VI. Instrumentation for Monitoring Performance
VII. Automatic Control Devices and Panel
VIII. Neutralizers of Regeneration Waste Waters
References
9. Demineralizer Technical Design Calculations and Typical Examples
I. Normal Procedure and Steps to Be Followed
II. Typical Examples of Design Calculations
10. Condensate Purification for High-Pressure Utility and Industrial Boilers
I. Turbine and Boiler Deposits Before Advent of Condensate Demineralization
II. Advent of Once-Through Drumless Boilers and Condensate Demineralizers
III. Condensate-Purification Equipment at the Philo Station
IV. Prefilter Design
V. Development of High-Rate Mixed-Bed Condensate Demineralizers
VI. External Regeneration System
VII. Omission of Prefilters
VIII. Condensate-Demineralizer Design
IX. Ammoniation of Cation Resin
X. Condensate-Purification for Industrial High-Pressure Boilers
XI. Ammoniated Cation Resin for Removing Iron from Utility High-Pressure Heater Drains
XII. Disposable, Nonregenerated Powdered Resin
References
11. Demineralizing Water Treatment in Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plants
I. Functions of Demineralizers in Nuclear Stations
II. Pressurized-Water Reactor Systems
III. Boiling-Water Reactor System
IV. Two Boiling-Water Reactor Installations
References
12. Comparison of Evaporators and Demineralizers and New Demineralizer Processes for Desalination
I. Advantages of Evaporators
II. Operating Problems with Evaporators
III. Typical Economic Studies of Evaporators and Demineralizers
IV. The Flash Evaporator
V. Comparison of Flash Evaporator and Demineralizer
VI. Experiences with Flash Evaporators
VII. Cation Exchange Presoftening of Brackish-Water Feed for an Evaporator Desalination Plant
VIII. New Demineralizing Processes for High-Solids Waters
References
13. Continuous Ion Exchange
I. Review of Past Fixed-Bed Design Criteria and Their Change
II. Description of Continuous Method
III. History of Continuous Method
IV. The Higgins Design
V. The Asahi Design
VI. Economic Comparison of Continuous-Bed and Fixed-Bed Plants
VII. Operating Problems with Continuous Beds
VIII. Field of Application
References
14. Chemical Processing by Ion Exchange
I. Solid Exchangers with Chemical Regenerants
II. Applications: Removal of Impurities for Upgrading Products
III. Applications: Recovery of Valuable Substances and Purification of Liquors for Reuse
IV. Solid Exchangers with Water Elution and No Chemical Regenerants
V. Liquid Exchangers
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 406
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1968
- Published: January 1, 1968
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483258423
About the Author
Samuel B. Applebaum
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Víctor S. Mon May 14 2018
Demineralization by Ion Exchange
A book that all people have to read