David A. Robinson’s Modeling the Oculomotor Control System

1st Edition, Volume 267 - January 20, 2022
Editors: Thomas J. Anastasio, Joseph L. Demer, R John Leigh, Anne E. Luebke, A. John van Opstal, Lance M. Optican, Stefano Ramat, David Zee
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 2 1 7 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 2 1 8 - 3

Modelling: The Oculomotor Systems, Volume 269 in the Progress in Brain Research serial highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting c… Read more

David A. Robinson’s Modeling the Oculomotor Control System

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Modelling: The Oculomotor Systems, Volume 269 in the Progress in Brain Research serial highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on topics including The function and phylogeny of eye movements, The behavior of motoneurons, Statics of plant mechanics, Dynamics of plant mechanics, The functional operation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, Basic framework of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, Oculomotor signals, Signal processing in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, Plasticity and repair of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, The behavior of the optokinetic system, Models of the optokinetic system, Neurophysiology of the optokinetic system, and much more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributor
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
References
Chapter 1: The function and phylogeny of eye movements
Abstract
1: Image stability
2: The vestibulo-ocular reflex
3: The afoveate saccadic system
4: Quick phases
5: The optokinetic system
6: The pursuit system
7: Cancellation
8: Stabilization
9: The saccadic system
References
Chapter 2: The behavior of motoneurons
Abstract
1: General motoneuron behavior
2: Detailed motoneuron behavior
3: Types of muscle fibers
4: Stretch afferents
5: The plant transfer function
6: Commentary
References
Chapter 3: Statics of plant mechanics
Abstract
1: The length-tension-innervation relationship
2: Eye positioning in one plane
3: A model eye for strabismus
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 4: Dynamics of plant mechanics
Abstract
1: Subsequent models
2: Commentary
References
Chapter 5: The functional operation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Abstract
1: The semicircular canals
2: The central pathways
3: Commentary
References
Chapter 6: Basic framework of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Abstract
1: Basic central connections
2: Operation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions
3: Planes of central neurons
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 7: Oculomotor signals
Abstract
1: Motoneurons
2: Primary vestibular afferents
3: Retinal image slip
4: Second-order, "pure"-vestibular neurons
5: Medium-lead burst neurons
6: Pause cells
7: Position-vestibular-pause cells
8: Vestibular-pause cells
9: Position cells
10: Position-burst neurons
11: Gaze-velocity cells
12: Discussion
13: Commentary
References
Chapter 8: Signal processing in the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Abstract
1: The vertical reflex
2: The horizontal reflex
3: Commentary
References
Chapter 9: Plasticity and repair of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Abstract
1: Parametric, adaptive feedback
2: Gain control
3: Direction control
4: Balance control
5: Commentary
References
Chapter 10: The behavior of the optokinetic system
Abstract
1: Optokinetic responses
2: Optokinetic-vestibular symbiosis
3: The confusion of optokinetic and pursuit responses
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 11: Models of the optokinetic system
Abstract
1: Models with separate velocity storage
2: Models with shared velocity storage
3: Behavioral comparison of models
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 12: Neurophysiology of the optokinetic system
Abstract
1: Visual input of the optokinetic system
2: Vestibular output of the optokinetic system
3: Central connections of the optokinetic system
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 13: Properties of rapid eye movements
Abstract
1: The metrics of saccades
2: Comparative aspects
3: Rapid eye and head movements
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 14: Neurophysiology, pathology and models of rapid eye movements
Abstract
1: Origins and disorders of the pulse-step
2: The saccadic repair system
3: The intrasaccadic structure of the burst
4: The control of burst neurons: A model
5: Commentary
References
Chapter 15: The quick-phase system
Abstract
1: The quick-phase algorithm
2: A model of the quick-phase system
3: Commentary
References
Chapter 16: Behavior of the saccadic system: Metrics of timing and accuracy
Abstract
1: Metrics of timing and accuracy
2: Models of the saccadic system
3: Perception and saccades
4: The microsaccadic system
5: Commentary
References
Chapter 17: Neurophysiology of the saccadic system: The reticular formation
Abstract
1: The reticular formation
2: The cerebellum
3: Superior colliculus
4: Substantia nigra
5: Thalamus
6: The frontal eye fields
7: Supplemental motor area
8: The parietal lobes
9: Comment
10: Commentary
References
Chapter 18: Eye stabilization
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Description of oculomotor noise
3: Sources of noise
4: Eye drift velocity in various species
5: Stabilization and the optokinetic system
6: Stabilization and pursuit
7: How much stabilization?
8: Stabilization in the dark
9: Commentary
References
Chapter 19: Properties of pursuit movements
Abstract
1: Motor characteristics of pursuit
2: Sensory requirements for pursuit
3: Cancelling the vestibulo-ocular reflex
4: Plasticity of pursuit
5: Commentary
References
Chapter 20: Models of pursuit
Abstract
1: The simple negative feedback model
2: Models with internal positive feedback
3: A model of cancellation
4: Commentary
References
Chapter 21: The neurophysiology of pursuit
Abstract
1: Overview
2: Cerebral cortex
3: Brain stem
4: Cerebellum
5: Commentary
References

Thomas J. Anastasio

Thomas J Anastasio received a BSc in Psychology from McGill University in 1980 and a PhD in Physiology and Biophysics from the University of Texas at Galveston in 1986. He did postdoctoral work at Johns Hopkins University until 1988. He held a non-tenure tract position at the University of Southern California until 1991, and a tenure-tract/tenured position at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign until his official retirement in 2019. His interest has been focused on neurobiology but he has worked with collaborators from mathematics to history, and he strongly supports interdisciplinary interaction as a mechanism for gaining new insights into brain function. He currently does research on problems in polypharmacy, using AI to identify potentially effective drug combinations for the treatment of neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. He also does scholarly work centered on neurobiology but spanning multiple disciplines.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, IL, USA

Joseph L. Demer

Joseph L. Demer, MD, PhD, is the Arthur L. Rosenbaum Professor of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Professor of Neurology, Chief, Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus Division, Director, Fellowship in Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Director, Ocular Motility Laboratories, Chair, EyeSTAR Residency-PhD/PostDoc Program in Ophthalmology and Visual Science. Dr. Demer's clinical specialties include pediatric ophthalmology, adult strabismus, and other disorders of ocular motility such as nystagmus. He is a biomedical engineer whose federally-funded research includes anatomy and imaging of the eye muscles, and the biomechanics of eye movements and optic nerve disorders. Dr. Demer provides clinical care and ophthalmic surgery at the Stein Eye Institute in Westwood.

Affiliations and expertise

Arthur L. Rosenbaum Professor of Pediatric Ophthalmology; Professor of Neurology; Chief, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division; Director, Ocular Motility Laboratories; Chair, EyeSTAR Residency-PhD Committee in Ophthalmology and Visual Science University of California, Los Angeles, USA

R John Leigh

Dr. Richard Leigh is an Assistant Professor of Neurology who is devoted to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular disease. He is an attending on the inpatient stroke service and an integral part of the Brain Attack Team. He also provides consultations and follow-up care for cerebrovascular disease in the outpatient setting. Dr. Richard Leigh was originally trained as a biomedical engineer at the Johns Hopkins University and subsequently went on to work at the National Institutes of Health where he developed brain imaging software. He then embarked on obtaining his medical degree from Case Western Reserve School of Medicine in his home town of Cleveland, Ohio. He completed his medical internship and neurology residency at New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center where he received the Distinguished House Staff Award and was selected to be Chief Resident of Neurology. Returning to Johns Hopkins, he then completed a stroke fellowship and subsequently joined the faculty of the cerebrovascular division. Dr. Leigh currently sees patients at the Stroke Prevention Clinic, located in the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center in Baltimore on Wednesday afternoons, and cares for patients in The Johns Hopkins Hospitals Brain

Affiliations and expertise

Blair-Daroff Emeritus Professor of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio; Adjunct Professor of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, USA

Anne E. Luebke

Anne Luebke is an associate professor in both Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurobiology and Anatomy. Her research focuses on auditory and vestibular efferent feedback mechanisms at both the systems and molecular level. Her work has provided insights into the efferent receptor molecules needed for protecting the ear from background noise, to molecules important for hearing-in-noise behaviors and control of gaze stabilization. Moreover, she has investigated how cochlear efferent system feedback might be enhanced in people with high musical aptitudes, and impaired in people with autism spectrum disorders. She has published expertise in molecular cloning, biochemical methods, immunohistochemistry, confocal imaging, vestibular and auditory testing, and virally-mediated gene transfer. She has been continuously funded from the NIH from her first award R01 (awarded 1996) to the present. Luebke received two undergraduate degrees (BA-chemistry; BS-chemical engineering) from Oklahoma State University. She has worked as a chemical engineer in Germany (Linde AG) and Belgium (P&G Brussels). She received her PhD in biomedical engineering from Johns Hopkins University studying systems vestibular physiology with Dr. David A. Robinson. She then pursued a postdoctoral fellowship in molecular biology, immunohistochemical and imaging methods with Dr. Kenneth Muller at the University of Miami. Luebke joined the faculty at the University of Rochester in 2003.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

A. John van Opstal

John van Opstal is Chair in Biophysics at the Faculty of Science and Director of the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, both at Radboud University, Nijmegen. Prof. van Opstal studies sound localization and the saccadic eye-head control system of human and non-human primates. During his PhD he studied the neurophysiological responses of saccade-related neurons in the monkey Superior Colliculus, and later the neurophysiology underlying Listing’s law for 3D eye movements. He applies computational modelling to guide his research. He regards sound localization as an action-perception problem, and probes the system with fast, saccadic eye-head gaze-control paradigms, to study the very earliest underlying neurocomputational mechanisms. He exposed his ideas in his book “The auditory system and human sound-localization behavior”, published in April 2016 by Academic Press, Elsevier. He received several personal grants, such as Human Frontiers, NWO VICI, and ERC advanced. Within his ERC grant he started a collaboration with the visual robotics group in Lisbon, with the aim to develop a humanoid 3D eye-head robotic system that generates gaze shifts, just like humans.

Affiliations and expertise

Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, The Netherlands

Lance M. Optican

Dr. Optican received a B.S. degree in Physics & Biosystems Analysis from the California Institute of Technology in 1972. He received his Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering in 1978 from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he worked with David A. Robinson studying the cerebellar-dependent adaptive control of rapid eye movements (saccades). Dr. Optican obtained postdoctoral training with F.A. Miles at the NIMH, studying visually induced adaptive control of saccades. Since 1982, Dr. Optican has been a Research Biomedical Engineer in the NEI and in 1988 was appointed Chief of the Section on Neural Modeling within the Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research. His laboratory explores how the brain converts visual information into rapid eye movements.

Affiliations and expertise

Chief Emeritus, Section on Neural Modeling, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH/DHHS, USA

Stefano Ramat

Stefano Ramat currently works at the Dip. Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, University of Pavia. Stefano does research in Bioengineering, Motor Neuroscience, Algorithms, Artificial Neural Network and Medical Devices. Their current project is 'Functional Vestibular Testing'

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Bioengineering, University of Pavia, Italy

David Zee

David Zee began his scientific career at The Johns Hopkins University in 1965 as a medical student and then completed his neurology residency there. For half a century, Dr. Zee has been a member of the Johns Hopkins Medical community, with a special interest in vision and eye movements, cerebellar function and motor learning, and vestibular disorders. His research combines studies in experimental models of disease, and in human patients and normal subjects, all aimed at understanding brain function and neurological disease. He has been Professor since 1985. Among his accomplishments has been coauthor of the textbook, The Neurology of Eye Movements with Dr. R. John Leigh, with the fifth edition published in 2015. He is an author on more than 400 publications. Among his honors he received the Ottorino Rossi prize from the University of Pavia in Italy, the Koetser Foundation for Brain Research Prize in Zurich, the Hallpike-Nylen Medal of the Barany Society in Uppsala Sweden and he gave the Lord Adrian lecture at Cambridge University in England. His academic pursuits include several short research sabbaticals in Paris and in Marseilles, and a 22 year, close collaboration with the departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology at the University of Siena in Italy. His most recent research centers around using the effects of high strength magnetic fields on the inner ear and how they might be used therapuetically for patients with imbalance.

Affiliations and expertise

Paul and Betty Cinquegrana Professor Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Division of Neuro-Visual and Vestibular Disorders The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine